Intro to Zoonoses

Question 1

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 1

Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted from vertebrates to humans and vice-versa.

Question 2

What agents can cause zoonoses?

Answer 2

Parasites
Prions
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi

Question 3

What is a sapronosis?

Answer 3

Disease resulting from an agent present in a natural source ie: soil and water

Question 4

An example of a saprozoonosis

Answer 4

Cryptosporidium

Question 5

Can food bourne illness be a zoonosis?

Answer 5

Sometimes. Anthrax and Coxiella burnetii are zoonoses and can be transmitted through food.

Question 6

What is an example of a disease that used to be considered zoonotic, but due to viral mutation is no longer transmitted between species?

Answer 6

HIV (SIV). Original zoonotic strain has changed, and HIV is now only transmitted between humans.

Question 7

Definition of emerging zoonosis

Answer 7

Either a new zoonosis, or a zoonosis that has occurred previously and is showing an increase in incidence, or expansion in geographical, host or vector range.

Question 8

Examples of current emerging zoonoses

Answer 8

Ebola
Dog rabies
MERS (respiratory)
BSE (bovine spongiform enceph)
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Avian influenza
Cysticercosis/taeniasis
Brucellosis
Nipah virus

Question 9

Percent of all human pathogens that are zoonoses

Answer 9

61%

Question 10

Percent of all emerging pathogens during the past decade that are zoonoses

Answer 10

75%

Question 11

How many diseases can be transmitted between humans and animals?

Answer 11

Over 800

Question 12

Worldwide deaths per year caused by Rabies

Answer 12

55,000

Question 13

Worldwide cases per year of Leishmaniasis

Answer 13

2 million

Question 14

Worldwide cases per year of Leptospirosis

Answer 14

10 million

Question 15

Yearly cases of Salmonellosis in the US

Answer 15

1-2 million

Question 16

Yearly cases of Lyme disease in the US

Answer 16

300,000

Question 17

Which areas of the world are most affected by emerging zoonotic events?

Answer 17

Developed countries/areas (US, Europe)

Question 18

2 factors of cost of zoonotic diseases

Answer 18

Human health

Economic cost

Question 19

Role of the veterinarian in public health

Answer 19

Surveillance
Diagnose and control zoonotic disease
Inform pet owners
Protect consumer health - maintain herd health
Occupational safety

Question 20

How severe is rabies infection?

Answer 20

Almost always deadly

Question 21

Zoonosis that makes humans sick but shows no signs in animals)

Answer 21

Chlamydia psittaci

Question 22

Zoonosis that makes both humans and animals sick, but in a different manner

Answer 22

Anthrax

Question 23

Zoonosis that makes both humans and animals sick in the same way

Answer 23

Rabies

Question 24

Zoonosis that doesn’t show signs in humans but does in animals

Answer 24

TB (spreading in cattle)

Question 25

What would make a disease reportable?

Answer 25

Zoonotic Economically important (anthrax, brucellosis, coxiella burnetii

Question 26

Category A biologic weapons

Answer 26

Highest risk: Easily transmitted/disseminated High mortality rates Potential for public panic Require special action

Question 27

Category B biologic weapons

Answer 27

Moderately easy to disseminate Moderate morbidity / low mortality Specific enhancements for diagnosis Enhanced surveillance

Question 28

Category C biologic weapons

Answer 28

Emerging pathogens | Could be engineered for mass dissemination in future

Question 29

Changes in small animal ownership, status of animals, exotic animal ownership, and food animal production are all...

Answer 29

Social changes that affect zoonoses

Question 30

Trend in number of household pets and food animal populations on farms

Answer 30

Increasing. 63% of US households have at least one pet. Increase in number of animals per farm

Question 31

Travel, exotic animal trade, and climate change are all...

Answer 31

Global trends that affect zoonoses

Question 32

What type of viruses are responsible for more current and emerging zoonises?

Answer 32

RNA viruses - greater genetic variation (mutation) due to lack of proofreading mechanism. Extends host range. *DNA uses polymerase to proofread, resulting in greater genetic stability while restricting the host range.

Question 33

Transmission of bacterial zoonoses

Answer 33

All routes. Bites, scratches, inhalation, food, vectors, soil, water.

Question 34

Risks with bacterial zoonoses

Answer 34

Antimicrobial resistance Bite risk for veterinarian (Pasteurella, Streptococcus, staphylococcus)

Question 35

Parasitic zoonotic agents

Answer 35

Helminths Protozoa Acanthocephala

Question 36

What does "various cycle" mean in regards to parasitic zoonotic agents?

Answer 36

Various life cycle. Humans can be final, intermediate, or paratenic host.

Question 37

What is a prion?

Answer 37

Infectious protein

Question 38

Characteristics of prion infections

Answer 38

``` Long incubation (years) Always fatal: neurodegeneration ```

Question 39

Examples of animal prion diseases

Answer 39

BSE (mad cow) Scrapie (goats/sheep) Chronic wasting disease (deer/elk) (maybe zoonotic) Transmissible mink encephalopathy

Question 40

Examples of human prion diseases

Answer 40

Creutzfeld-Jakob Kuru New variant CJD (like BSE, no link with original CJD)

Question 41

Dermatophytosis by keratinophilic fungi (agent)

Answer 41

Ringworm (Microsporum and Trichophyton)

Question 42

Occupational saprozoonoses:

Answer 42

Blastymyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis and posadasii

Question 43

Case Study: Lyme disease

Answer 43

NYC Aug 2017 Woman with spinal meningitis Hylan Blvd near Wolfe's Pond Park Transmitted by Ixodes tick. Rodent reservoir.

Question 44

Case study: Brucellosis

Answer 44

Paraguay Veterinary Oct 2017 15 patients, 1 death Lost international certification Brucella melitensis Direct/indirect/vector transmission (mechanical) Unpasteurized milk (bovine reservoir) Biggest problem for humans

Question 45

Case study: Sin Nombre

Answer 45

``` NM March 2018 9 y/o boy Flu-like symptoms, coma Hantavirus Direct transmission human-human Rodent reservoir: feces, urine Category C reportability ```