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RUSVM PID > Intro to Zoonoses > Flashcards

Intro to Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted from vertebrates to humans and vice-versa.

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2
Q

What agents can cause zoonoses?

A 
Parasites
Prions
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
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3
Q

What is a sapronosis?

A

Disease resulting from an agent present in a natural source ie: soil and water

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4
Q

An example of a saprozoonosis

A

Cryptosporidium

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5
Q

Can food bourne illness be a zoonosis?

A

Sometimes. Anthrax and Coxiella burnetii are zoonoses and can be transmitted through food.

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6
Q

What is an example of a disease that used to be considered zoonotic, but due to viral mutation is no longer transmitted between species?

A

HIV (SIV). Original zoonotic strain has changed, and HIV is now only transmitted between humans.

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7
Q

Definition of emerging zoonosis

A

Either a new zoonosis, or a zoonosis that has occurred previously and is showing an increase in incidence, or expansion in geographical, host or vector range.

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8
Q

Examples of current emerging zoonoses

A 
Ebola
Dog rabies
MERS (respiratory)
BSE (bovine spongiform enceph)
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Avian influenza
Cysticercosis/taeniasis
Brucellosis
Nipah virus
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9
Q

Percent of all human pathogens that are zoonoses

A

61%

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10
Q

Percent of all emerging pathogens during the past decade that are zoonoses

A

75%

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11
Q

How many diseases can be transmitted between humans and animals?

A

Over 800

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12
Q

Worldwide deaths per year caused by Rabies

A

55,000

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13
Q

Worldwide cases per year of Leishmaniasis

A

2 million

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14
Q

Worldwide cases per year of Leptospirosis

A

10 million

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15
Q

Yearly cases of Salmonellosis in the US

A

1-2 million

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16
Q

Yearly cases of Lyme disease in the US

A

300,000

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17
Q

Which areas of the world are most affected by emerging zoonotic events?

A

Developed countries/areas (US, Europe)

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18
Q

2 factors of cost of zoonotic diseases

A

Human health

Economic cost

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19
Q

Role of the veterinarian in public health

A 
Surveillance
Diagnose and control zoonotic disease
Inform pet owners
Protect consumer health - maintain herd health
Occupational safety
20
Q

How severe is rabies infection?

A

Almost always deadly

21
Q

Zoonosis that makes humans sick but shows no signs in animals)

A

Chlamydia psittaci

22
Q

Zoonosis that makes both humans and animals sick, but in a different manner

A

Anthrax

23
Q

Zoonosis that makes both humans and animals sick in the same way

A

Rabies

24
Q

Zoonosis that doesn’t show signs in humans but does in animals

A

TB (spreading in cattle)

25
Q

What would make a disease reportable?

A

Zoonotic

Economically important (anthrax, brucellosis, coxiella burnetii

26
Q

Category A biologic weapons

A

Highest risk:

Easily transmitted/disseminated
High mortality rates
Potential for public panic
Require special action

27
Q

Category B biologic weapons

A

Moderately easy to disseminate
Moderate morbidity / low mortality
Specific enhancements for diagnosis
Enhanced surveillance

28
Q

Category C biologic weapons

A

Emerging pathogens

Could be engineered for mass dissemination in future

29
Q

Changes in small animal ownership, status of animals, exotic animal ownership, and food animal production are all…

A

Social changes that affect zoonoses

30
Q

Trend in number of household pets and food animal populations on farms

A

Increasing.
63% of US households have at least one pet.
Increase in number of animals per farm

31
Q

Travel, exotic animal trade, and climate change are all…

A

Global trends that affect zoonoses

32
Q

What type of viruses are responsible for more current and emerging zoonises?

A

RNA viruses - greater genetic variation (mutation) due to lack of proofreading mechanism. Extends host range.

*DNA uses polymerase to proofread, resulting in greater genetic stability while restricting the host range.

33
Q

Transmission of bacterial zoonoses

A

All routes. Bites, scratches, inhalation, food, vectors, soil, water.

34
Q

Risks with bacterial zoonoses

A

Antimicrobial resistance

Bite risk for veterinarian (Pasteurella, Streptococcus, staphylococcus)

35
Q

Parasitic zoonotic agents

A

Helminths
Protozoa
Acanthocephala

36
Q

What does “various cycle” mean in regards to parasitic zoonotic agents?

A

Various life cycle. Humans can be final, intermediate, or paratenic host.

37
Q

What is a prion?

A

Infectious protein

38
Q

Characteristics of prion infections

A 
Long incubation (years)
Always fatal: neurodegeneration
39
Q

Examples of animal prion diseases

A

BSE (mad cow)
Scrapie (goats/sheep)
Chronic wasting disease (deer/elk) (maybe zoonotic)
Transmissible mink encephalopathy

40
Q

Examples of human prion diseases

A

Creutzfeld-Jakob
Kuru
New variant CJD (like BSE, no link with original CJD)

41
Q

Dermatophytosis by keratinophilic fungi (agent)

A

Ringworm (Microsporum and Trichophyton)

42
Q

Occupational saprozoonoses:

A

Blastymyces dermatitidis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis and posadasii

43
Q

Case Study: Lyme disease

A

NYC Aug 2017
Woman with spinal meningitis
Hylan Blvd near Wolfe’s Pond Park

Transmitted by Ixodes tick. Rodent reservoir.

44
Q

Case study: Brucellosis

A

Paraguay Veterinary Oct 2017
15 patients, 1 death
Lost international certification

Brucella melitensis
Direct/indirect/vector transmission (mechanical)
Unpasteurized milk (bovine reservoir)
Biggest problem for humans

45
Q

Case study: Sin Nombre

A 
NM March 2018
9 y/o boy
Flu-like symptoms, coma
Hantavirus
Direct transmission human-human
Rodent reservoir: feces, urine
Category C reportability

RUSVM PID (8 decks)

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