Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
Definition of antigen
Substance that binds to a lymphocyte receptor. Foreign substance.
(antibody generator) (Ag)
*May or may not initiate an immune response
What is an antigenic molecule?
Has the ability to be bound by a specific antibody (Ab)
Substance that induces an immune response when injected into an individual
Immunogen
Antigenicity factors (8) (what makes it good)
Host genetics Chemical stability Dose Foreignness (protein, lipid, CHO, n.a.) Complexity Adjuvant: enhances immune response to antigen Route of administration
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
Immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing/presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphoctyes
Examples of common APCs
Macrophages
Lymphocytes (B cells)
Dendritic Cells
MHC I
Major Histocompatibility Complex Type I
Presents intracellular antigens on its surface for recognition by T cells
MHC II
Major Histocompatibility Complex Type II
Presents extracellular antigens on its surface for recognition by B cells
How are intracellular antigens processed?
Cellular Immune Response
T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
MHC I
How are extracellular antigens processed?
Humoral Immune Response
B lymphocytes
Antibodies
MCH II
What cells provide the cellular immune response?
T cells
What do T cells provide immunity to?
Intracellular bacteria Intracellular viruses Fungi Protozoa Tumors
2 ways T cells mediate cellular immune response
Infected cells are killed
Infected cells are activated and destroy the intracellular organism
Why is the immune response to a second skin graft faster and more severe than in the first graft?
Adaptive immunity and formation of memory cells allows the body to recognize the foreign material faster and initiate an appropriate response.
Difference between serum and plasma
Plasma is obtained when the blood is not allowed to clot first. Contains blood-clotting proteins.
SERUM is collected after blood clotting. No clotting proteins. Has ANTIBODIES, electrolytes, hormones.
Examples of Passive Humoral Immunity
Artificial: Immunoglobulins
Natural: Transplacental, Colostrum, Egg
Examples of Active Humoral Immunity
Artificial: Vaccination
Natural: Diseases
What happens when the serum of a horse immunized against tetanus is injected into a non-immunized horse?
The non-immunized horse is now protected against tetanus.
In which type of Humoral Immunity does the animal NOT produce its own antibodies?
Passive
In which type of Humoral Immunity does the animal produce its own antibodies?
Active
5 types of antibodies, in order of descending concentration in serum
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE
Which antibody is secretory and is found in higher concentrations in saliva, milk, and GI fluids?
IgA
What class of proteins are the antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
What part of the antibody binds to the specific antigen?
FAB - fragment antigen binding
What feature of the antibody allows it to move to better interact with the antigen?
Hinge
In secondary humoral immune response, which type of antibody is produced in much higher numbers?
IgG
better and longer term immunity than IgM
With each vaccination booster, what happens to the numbers of antibodies and memory cells?
Each booster promotes formation of many more antibodies and memory cells than the previous, and with better acuity.
Which antibody is secreted, and located in the respiratory and gut mucosa?
IgA
Which antibody is present in the skin and mucous lining?
IgE
Which antibody is present in the blood?
IgM and IgG
Which antibody is systemic and found all over the body?
IgG
How do vaccines work?
Ag is administered to an animal to induce immune response
Will protect against subsequent exposure to the same Ag
*animal may become infected (not 100% immunity)
