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General Health and Disease (GHD) > Intro to Viruses > Flashcards

Intro to Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a virus?

A

An obligate intracellular pathogen

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2
Q

Name the different type of virus structures?

A

Icodshedral, helical and complex

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3
Q

Describe the icosehedral structure of a virus?

A

It has 20 faces, each being an equilateral triangle

12 verticre and 30 edges

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4
Q

Describe the helical structure of a virus?

A

The protein binds around the DNA/RNA in a helical fashion

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5
Q

Describe the complex structure of a virus?

A

It is neither icodahedral or helical

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6
Q

Give an overview of a virus?

A

Small between 20-400nm and is non-cellular and so its genetic element cant replicate independently

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7
Q

What are virions?

A

The extracellular form of a virus, which exists outside of the host and facilitates transmission
It also contains nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

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8
Q

How are viruses grouped into taxonomic groups?

A

Virion shape/symmetry
Presence or absence of envelope
Genome structure
Mode of replication

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9
Q

Name the key parts of the virion structure?

A 
Lipid envelope
Protein capsid
Spike projections
Virion associated polymerase
Nucleic acid
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10
Q

What is the process of virus replication?

A 
Virion attahcedment to the cell
Uncoating
Replciation of genomic nucleic acid 
mRNA synthesis
Protein synthesis using the host machinery
Newly synthesised viral proteins
Genomic nucleic acid synthesis
Insertion of viral proteins into membrane 
Virion assembly
Budding
Release 
Maturation
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11
Q

Name each method of transmission with an example?

A 
Blood-bourne - HIV and hepatitis B
Sexual - HIV
Vertical - HIV and Hep B
Faecal-oral - Hep A/E and polio
Droplet - influenza
Airborne - measles and chickenpox
Close contact - herpes simplex and EBV
Vector - dengue and yellow fever 
Zoontic - rabies and ebola
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12
Q

What is the definition of zoonotic?

A

Spread between animals and humans

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13
Q

What do influenza, measles and chickenpox have in common?

A

Respiratory syndrome

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14
Q

What do enterovirus, polio, rabies, HSV and VZV have in common?

A

Neurological syndrome

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15
Q

What do norovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus have in common?

A

Gastroenteritis

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16
Q

What causes hepatitis?

A

ABCDE, CMV, EBV and yellow fever

17
Q

What clinical signs does HSV and enterovirus show?

A

Skin infections

18
Q

What clinicall signs does HSV, VZV and adenovirus present?

A

Eye infections

19
Q

What causes congenital abnormalities?

A

CMV, rubella, VZV and parvovirus

20
Q

What clinical signs does dengue, rubella and parvovirus present?

A

Arthralgia

21
Q

What causes lymphadenopathy

A

HIV, CMV and EBV

22
Q

What are the different consequences of viral infection?

A

Clearance can lead to no, short or long term immunity
Or other viruses can lead to chronic infection such as HIV, hep B/C
Some viruses lay dormant (Herpes)
Other viruses transform and can cause cancer (EBV and HPV)

23
Q

Describe viral latency?

A

The viral genome is retained in the host cell, but expression is restricted
Later, reactivation can occur being more aggressive
Herpes simplex

24
Q

What are the methods in which viruses cause cancer?

A

Modulation if the cell cycle
Modulation of apoptosis
ROS mediated damaged (inflammation)

25
Q

What are examples of viruses which cause cancer and what are they?

A 
EBV - Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma 
Herpes 8 - Kaposi's sarcoma
HTLV - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
HPV - cervical and oropharyngeal cancers
Hep B/C - hepatocellular carcinoma
26
Q

How to detect viruses?

A

From the whole organism - microscopy
Part of the organism - ELISA and PCR
Antibodies - immuniflouresence

27
Q

What immuniglobulins are present after infection?

A

Acute IgM

Past infection IgG

28
Q

What is the aim if antiviral therapy?

A

They target the host machinery to disable protein and genetic synthesis
But have toxic side effects

29
Q

What are the timings if therapy?

A

Prophylaxis - before infection
Pre-emptive therapy - evidence of infection but no clinical signs
Overt disease - infected
Suppressive - reduce viral load and replication

30
Q

Name different ways of viral infection prevention?

A 
Immunisation - passive and active
Prophylactic treatment 
Infection conton - PPE, isolation and disposal
Screening
Antenatal screening
31
Q

What are the properties a virus must have to be potentially able to be eradicated?

A 
Specific to a species
Clearly identifiable with a diagnostic tool
No chronic state
Efficient and practical prevention
Support

General Health and Disease (GHD) (31 decks)

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