Anatomical Terminology & The Skeletal System Flashcards
Properties of the bone?
Tensile strength
Breaking stress 15.5 metric tonnes per sq inch
Resist compression
Tubular structure of shaft very strong: cortical and travecular bone
Stress = force and muscle pull
Functions of the skeleton?
Protection: cranium and ribs protect brain and vital organs
Shape: to the body
Support: holds vital organs and hold body upright
Movement: muscle attached to bone, which are jointed
Blood production: bone marrow forming red and white blood cells
Axial skeleton? Function?
Skull, ribcage, vertebral column and pelvis
Support, protection and muscle attachment
Appendicular skeleton? Function?
Upper and lower limbs
Muscle attachment and movement
Anatomy of a long bone? L - R?
Epiphysis head - diaphysis shaft - epiphysis
Articualar cartilage, cancerous bone and the epiphyseal plate
Marrow cavity, compact bone and periosteum
Hyaline cartilage? Defintion?
Covers the end of bones, stop rubbing together, shock absorber
Epiphysis? Defintion?
Head of the bone
Cancellous bone? Defintion?
Spongy bone that stores red bone marrow
Epiphyseal bone? Defintion?
Area where bone grows in length
Diaphysis? Defintion?
Shaft
Compact bone? Defintion?
Hard, dense bone giving strength to the hollow part of the bone
Periosteum? Defintion?
Protective layer where no hyaline cart is present
Logamners and tendons attached here
Medullary cavity/marrow cavity? defintion?
Contain bone marrow
Gross anatomy of the epiphysis and epiphysis head?
Tubercle, epicondyle and condyle
Head, neck and trochanter
Gross anatomy of the cranium?
Sella turica - pituritary gland Foramen - hole Fossa Process Spine Meatus Protuberance - chin
Long bone? Defintion?
Length exceeds width
Shaft with 2 ends
Contains compact with spongy interior
Humerus and femur
Short bones? Definition?
Cubelike
Spongy bone
Cereals and tarsals
Flat bone? Defintion?
Thin, flattened with slight curvature
Compact surface with spongy layer
Scapula and ribs
Irregular bone? Defintion?
Bones which don’t fit into any other category (specialised shape)
Sesamoid bones? Defintion?
Forms within tendon (patella)
Vertebral column? Defintion?
7 cervical 12 throaxuc 5 lumbar 5 Sacral 4 coccyx
In between are vertebral discs
Factors leading to abnormalities and altered shape?
Genetics, disease or trauma
Social or religious beliefs
Planes of field (front and back)?
Anterior
Posterior
Planes of field? Midline
Sagittal
Planes of field (mid-half)
Transverse
Planes of field? (Half-side
Coronal
Planes of field (towards head and towards feet)
Superior
Inferior
Planes of field (central)
Medial
Planes of field (away from centre)
Lateral
Planes of field (towards and away from the body)
Proximal
Distal
Abduction? Defintion?
Movement away from the midline
Adduction? Defintion?
Movement towards the midline
Extension? Defintion?
Straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion? Defintion?
Bending the limb at a joint
Rotation? Defintion?
Circular movement around a fixed point
Pronantion and supination? Defintion?
Plan anterior
Plan posterior
Circumduction? Defintion?
Circular movement at a joint
Protrusion and retrusion? Defintion?
Jaw out
Jaw in
Joints? Characterisitics?
Trade between mobility and stability
Fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial
Fibrous joints? Characterisitics?
Fibrous tissue unites the bones
No movement - support and protection
Suture: skull; thin layer of fibrous tissue between skull bones
Gomphosis: fibrous joint that anchor teeth into their socket, peg and socket articulation between roots I’d teeth and the alveolar processes of the maxilla or mandible (PDL)
Cartilageneous joints primary? Characterisitics?
Epiphyseal plates when seen during development
Hyaline cart unites the bones but no movement
Ossify by 25 years
Joint between the first rib and sternum
Cartilagebous joints secondary? Characteristics?
Perm joint- adults and people
Bone has a hyaline cartilage cover with a disc of fibro-cartilage between them
Shock absorber and weight bearing
Limited movement
Between the bodies of vertebra and the pubic symphysis
Synovial joint? Structure and function?
Cartilage: reduces friction, shock absorber
Synovial fluid: lubricated joint
Synovial membrane: produces fluid
Tebdon: join muscle to bone for movement
Ligament: bone to bone to stabilise joint
Plane joint? Characterisitics?
Permitnojky small gliding movement
Areas that require small degree of flexibility but stability
E.g. intercarpal and intertarasal articulation
Saddle joint? Characterisitics?
Double planar
Permit 2 angular movements at right angles to each other
Sternoclavicular joint and the carpo-metacarpal joint at the thumb
Hinge joint? Characterisitics?
Permit movement in one place (flex and extend) Elbow and ibtwephalangeal joints Temperomandibular joint (bicondyloid): contains cartilagebous disc that divides the joint into 2 compartments with permit limited side to side and anterior and posterior movements
Pivot joints? Characterisitics?
Permit rotation
Rotation defined as the movement of the bone around its own longitudinal axis
Head of the radius rotating in a ring formed by the annular ligament and the ulnar
And the anterior arch of the atlas with the odontoid oeg of the axis in neck
Ellipsoid joint? Characterisitics?
Condyloid joint
Joint surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other
Movement in ore than one plane - flex, extend, abduct, adduct and circumduct
No rotation
Wait and meta-carpophalangel joint in digits
Ball and socket joint? Characterisitics?
Head fits into socket
Widest range of movement
Flex, extend, abduct, addict, circumduct and rotate
Shoulder and hip
Restriction to joint movement? Characterisitics?
Shapes of bone
Intra/extra-capsular ligaments
Muscle mass restricts movement
Disease and trauma
Cervical spine - #? shape? Characteristics?
#? - 7 Shape: - C (lordotic curve) Characteristics: - foramen for arteries supplying brain - more mobile region
C1 and C2 - Names? Special? Role?
Atlas - C1:
- vertebral body that supports the weight of the head
Axis - C2:
- sits underneath atlas with an odontoid process that sticks up into atlas
- allowing axial and rotational movement
Atlas - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?
Vertebrae: C1 Characteristics: - supports skull - no body or spinous process - anterior and posterior arches - lateral masses to articulate with skull and axis - foramen transversarium Anatomical structures: - transverse foramen and process - anterior/posterior arch and tubercle - vertebral artery groove and foramen - articular facet for dens
Axis - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?
Vertebrae: C2 Characteristics: - odontoid process - foramen transversarium in transverse process - spinous process bifurcated Anatomical structure: - transverse/spinous process - inferior articular process - interarticular part - dens
C3 to C6 - characteristics? anatomical structures?
Characteristics: - small bodies - pedicles project posteriorly and laterally - bifurcated spinous process - foramen transversarium - vertebral foramina large and triangular - vertebral artery enters foramen of C6 - transverse process have anterior and posterior tubercles Anatomical structures: - bifurcated spinous process - lamina and body - transverse foramen and process - superior/inferior articular facets
C7 - Name? Characteristics? Anatomical structures?
Vertebra prominens
Characteristics:
- most prominent structure (palpable)
- long spinous process (not bifurcated)
- foramen transversarium
- vertebral vessels don’t pass foramen but veins do
Anatomical same as C3-6 but with differences above
