Anatomical Terminology & The Skeletal System

Question 1

Properties of the bone?

Answer 1

Tensile strength
Breaking stress 15.5 metric tonnes per sq inch
Resist compression
Tubular structure of shaft very strong: cortical and travecular bone
Stress = force and muscle pull

Question 2

Functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Protection: cranium and ribs protect brain and vital organs
Shape: to the body
Support: holds vital organs and hold body upright
Movement: muscle attached to bone, which are jointed
Blood production: bone marrow forming red and white blood cells

Question 3

Axial skeleton? Function?

Answer 3

Skull, ribcage, vertebral column and pelvis

Support, protection and muscle attachment

Question 4

Appendicular skeleton? Function?

Answer 4

Upper and lower limbs

Muscle attachment and movement

Question 5

Anatomy of a long bone? L - R?

Answer 5

Epiphysis head - diaphysis shaft - epiphysis
Articualar cartilage, cancerous bone and the epiphyseal plate
Marrow cavity, compact bone and periosteum

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage? Defintion?

Answer 6

Covers the end of bones, stop rubbing together, shock absorber

Question 7

Epiphysis? Defintion?

Answer 7

Head of the bone

Question 8

Cancellous bone? Defintion?

Answer 8

Spongy bone that stores red bone marrow

Question 9

Epiphyseal bone? Defintion?

Answer 9

Area where bone grows in length

Question 10

Diaphysis? Defintion?

Answer 10

Shaft

Question 11

Compact bone? Defintion?

Answer 11

Hard, dense bone giving strength to the hollow part of the bone

Question 12

Periosteum? Defintion?

Answer 12

Protective layer where no hyaline cart is present

Logamners and tendons attached here

Question 13

Medullary cavity/marrow cavity? defintion?

Answer 13

Contain bone marrow

Question 14

Gross anatomy of the epiphysis and epiphysis head?

Answer 14

Tubercle, epicondyle and condyle

Head, neck and trochanter

Question 15

Gross anatomy of the cranium?

Answer 15

Sella turica - pituritary gland 
Foramen - hole
Fossa
Process
Spine
Meatus
Protuberance - chin

Question 16

Long bone? Defintion?

Answer 16

Length exceeds width
Shaft with 2 ends
Contains compact with spongy interior
Humerus and femur

Question 17

Short bones? Definition?

Answer 17

Cubelike
Spongy bone
Cereals and tarsals

Question 18

Flat bone? Defintion?

Answer 18

Thin, flattened with slight curvature
Compact surface with spongy layer
Scapula and ribs

Question 19

Irregular bone? Defintion?

Answer 19

Bones which don’t fit into any other category (specialised shape)

Question 20

Sesamoid bones? Defintion?

Answer 20

Forms within tendon (patella)

Question 21

Vertebral column? Defintion?

Answer 21

7 cervical
12 throaxuc
5 lumbar
5 Sacral 
4 coccyx

In between are vertebral discs

Question 22

Factors leading to abnormalities and altered shape?

Answer 22

Genetics, disease or trauma

Social or religious beliefs

Question 23

Planes of field (front and back)?

Answer 23

Anterior

Posterior

Question 24

Planes of field? Midline

Answer 24

Sagittal

Question 25

Planes of field (mid-half)

Answer 25

Transverse

Question 26

Planes of field? (Half-side

Answer 26

Coronal

Question 27

Planes of field (towards head and towards feet)

Answer 27

Superior | Inferior

Question 28

Planes of field (central)

Answer 28

Medial

Question 29

Planes of field (away from centre)

Answer 29

Lateral

Question 30

Planes of field (towards and away from the body)

Answer 30

Proximal | Distal

Question 31

Abduction? Defintion?

Answer 31

Movement away from the midline

Question 32

Adduction? Defintion?

Answer 32

Movement towards the midline

Question 33

Extension? Defintion?

Answer 33

Straightening limbs at a joint

Question 34

Flexion? Defintion?

Answer 34

Bending the limb at a joint

Question 35

Rotation? Defintion?

Answer 35

Circular movement around a fixed point

Question 36

Pronantion and supination? Defintion?

Answer 36

Plan anterior | Plan posterior

Question 37

Circumduction? Defintion?

Answer 37

Circular movement at a joint

Question 38

Protrusion and retrusion? Defintion?

Answer 38

Jaw out | Jaw in

Question 39

Joints? Characterisitics?

Answer 39

Trade between mobility and stability | Fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial

Question 40

Fibrous joints? Characterisitics?

Answer 40

Fibrous tissue unites the bones No movement - support and protection Suture: skull; thin layer of fibrous tissue between skull bones Gomphosis: fibrous joint that anchor teeth into their socket, peg and socket articulation between roots I'd teeth and the alveolar processes of the maxilla or mandible (PDL)

Question 41

Cartilageneous joints primary? Characterisitics?

Answer 41

Epiphyseal plates when seen during development Hyaline cart unites the bones but no movement Ossify by 25 years Joint between the first rib and sternum

Question 42

Cartilagebous joints secondary? Characteristics?

Answer 42

Perm joint- adults and people Bone has a hyaline cartilage cover with a disc of fibro-cartilage between them Shock absorber and weight bearing Limited movement Between the bodies of vertebra and the pubic symphysis

Question 43

Synovial joint? Structure and function?

Answer 43

Cartilage: reduces friction, shock absorber Synovial fluid: lubricated joint Synovial membrane: produces fluid Tebdon: join muscle to bone for movement Ligament: bone to bone to stabilise joint

Question 44

Plane joint? Characterisitics?

Answer 44

Permitnojky small gliding movement Areas that require small degree of flexibility but stability E.g. intercarpal and intertarasal articulation

Question 45

Saddle joint? Characterisitics?

Answer 45

Double planar Permit 2 angular movements at right angles to each other Sternoclavicular joint and the carpo-metacarpal joint at the thumb

Question 46

Hinge joint? Characterisitics?

Answer 46

``` Permit movement in one place (flex and extend) Elbow and ibtwephalangeal joints Temperomandibular joint (bicondyloid): contains cartilagebous disc that divides the joint into 2 compartments with permit limited side to side and anterior and posterior movements ```

Question 47

Pivot joints? Characterisitics?

Answer 47

Permit rotation Rotation defined as the movement of the bone around its own longitudinal axis Head of the radius rotating in a ring formed by the annular ligament and the ulnar And the anterior arch of the atlas with the odontoid oeg of the axis in neck

Question 48

Ellipsoid joint? Characterisitics?

Answer 48

Condyloid joint Joint surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other Movement in ore than one plane - flex, extend, abduct, adduct and circumduct No rotation Wait and meta-carpophalangel joint in digits

Question 49

Ball and socket joint? Characterisitics?

Answer 49

Head fits into socket Widest range of movement Flex, extend, abduct, addict, circumduct and rotate Shoulder and hip

Question 50

Restriction to joint movement? Characterisitics?

Answer 50

Shapes of bone Intra/extra-capsular ligaments Muscle mass restricts movement Disease and trauma

Question 51

Cervical spine - #? shape? Characteristics?

Answer 51

``` #? - 7 Shape: - C (lordotic curve) Characteristics: - foramen for arteries supplying brain - more mobile region ```

Question 52

C1 and C2 - Names? Special? Role?

Answer 52

Atlas - C1: - vertebral body that supports the weight of the head Axis - C2: - sits underneath atlas with an odontoid process that sticks up into atlas - allowing axial and rotational movement

Question 53

Atlas - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?

Answer 53

``` Vertebrae: C1 Characteristics: - supports skull - no body or spinous process - anterior and posterior arches - lateral masses to articulate with skull and axis - foramen transversarium Anatomical structures: - transverse foramen and process - anterior/posterior arch and tubercle - vertebral artery groove and foramen - articular facet for dens ```

Question 54

Axis - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?

Answer 54

``` Vertebrae: C2 Characteristics: - odontoid process - foramen transversarium in transverse process - spinous process bifurcated Anatomical structure: - transverse/spinous process - inferior articular process - interarticular part - dens ```

Question 55

C3 to C6 - characteristics? anatomical structures?

Answer 55

``` Characteristics: - small bodies - pedicles project posteriorly and laterally - bifurcated spinous process - foramen transversarium - vertebral foramina large and triangular - vertebral artery enters foramen of C6 - transverse process have anterior and posterior tubercles Anatomical structures: - bifurcated spinous process - lamina and body - transverse foramen and process - superior/inferior articular facets ```

Question 56

C7 - Name? Characteristics? Anatomical structures?

Answer 56

Vertebra prominens Characteristics: - most prominent structure (palpable) - long spinous process (not bifurcated) - foramen transversarium - vertebral vessels don't pass foramen but veins do Anatomical same as C3-6 but with differences above