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General Health and Disease (GHD) > Anatomical Terminology & The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology & The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of the bone?

A

Tensile strength
Breaking stress 15.5 metric tonnes per sq inch
Resist compression
Tubular structure of shaft very strong: cortical and travecular bone
Stress = force and muscle pull

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2
Q

Functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection: cranium and ribs protect brain and vital organs
Shape: to the body
Support: holds vital organs and hold body upright
Movement: muscle attached to bone, which are jointed
Blood production: bone marrow forming red and white blood cells

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3
Q

Axial skeleton? Function?

A

Skull, ribcage, vertebral column and pelvis

Support, protection and muscle attachment

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton? Function?

A

Upper and lower limbs

Muscle attachment and movement

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5
Q

Anatomy of a long bone? L - R?

A

Epiphysis head - diaphysis shaft - epiphysis
Articualar cartilage, cancerous bone and the epiphyseal plate
Marrow cavity, compact bone and periosteum

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6
Q

Hyaline cartilage? Defintion?

A

Covers the end of bones, stop rubbing together, shock absorber

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7
Q

Epiphysis? Defintion?

A

Head of the bone

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8
Q

Cancellous bone? Defintion?

A

Spongy bone that stores red bone marrow

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9
Q

Epiphyseal bone? Defintion?

A

Area where bone grows in length

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10
Q

Diaphysis? Defintion?

A

Shaft

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11
Q

Compact bone? Defintion?

A

Hard, dense bone giving strength to the hollow part of the bone

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12
Q

Periosteum? Defintion?

A

Protective layer where no hyaline cart is present

Logamners and tendons attached here

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13
Q

Medullary cavity/marrow cavity? defintion?

A

Contain bone marrow

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14
Q

Gross anatomy of the epiphysis and epiphysis head?

A

Tubercle, epicondyle and condyle

Head, neck and trochanter

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15
Q

Gross anatomy of the cranium?

A 
Sella turica - pituritary gland 
Foramen - hole
Fossa
Process
Spine
Meatus
Protuberance - chin
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16
Q

Long bone? Defintion?

A

Length exceeds width
Shaft with 2 ends
Contains compact with spongy interior
Humerus and femur

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17
Q

Short bones? Definition?

A

Cubelike
Spongy bone
Cereals and tarsals

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18
Q

Flat bone? Defintion?

A

Thin, flattened with slight curvature
Compact surface with spongy layer
Scapula and ribs

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19
Q

Irregular bone? Defintion?

A

Bones which don’t fit into any other category (specialised shape)

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20
Q

Sesamoid bones? Defintion?

A

Forms within tendon (patella)

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21
Q

Vertebral column? Defintion?

A 
7 cervical
12 throaxuc
5 lumbar
5 Sacral 
4 coccyx

In between are vertebral discs

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22
Q

Factors leading to abnormalities and altered shape?

A

Genetics, disease or trauma

Social or religious beliefs

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23
Q

Planes of field (front and back)?

A

Anterior

Posterior

24
Q

Planes of field? Midline

A

Sagittal

25
Q

Planes of field (mid-half)

A

Transverse

26
Q

Planes of field? (Half-side

A

Coronal

27
Q

Planes of field (towards head and towards feet)

A

Superior

Inferior

28
Q

Planes of field (central)

A

Medial

29
Q

Planes of field (away from centre)

A

Lateral

30
Q

Planes of field (towards and away from the body)

A

Proximal

Distal

31
Q

Abduction? Defintion?

A

Movement away from the midline

32
Q

Adduction? Defintion?

A

Movement towards the midline

33
Q

Extension? Defintion?

A

Straightening limbs at a joint

34
Q

Flexion? Defintion?

A

Bending the limb at a joint

35
Q

Rotation? Defintion?

A

Circular movement around a fixed point

36
Q

Pronantion and supination? Defintion?

A

Plan anterior

Plan posterior

37
Q

Circumduction? Defintion?

A

Circular movement at a joint

38
Q

Protrusion and retrusion? Defintion?

A

Jaw out

Jaw in

39
Q

Joints? Characterisitics?

A

Trade between mobility and stability

Fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial

40
Q

Fibrous joints? Characterisitics?

A

Fibrous tissue unites the bones
No movement - support and protection
Suture: skull; thin layer of fibrous tissue between skull bones
Gomphosis: fibrous joint that anchor teeth into their socket, peg and socket articulation between roots I’d teeth and the alveolar processes of the maxilla or mandible (PDL)

41
Q

Cartilageneous joints primary? Characterisitics?

A

Epiphyseal plates when seen during development
Hyaline cart unites the bones but no movement
Ossify by 25 years
Joint between the first rib and sternum

42
Q

Cartilagebous joints secondary? Characteristics?

A

Perm joint- adults and people
Bone has a hyaline cartilage cover with a disc of fibro-cartilage between them
Shock absorber and weight bearing
Limited movement
Between the bodies of vertebra and the pubic symphysis

43
Q

Synovial joint? Structure and function?

A

Cartilage: reduces friction, shock absorber
Synovial fluid: lubricated joint
Synovial membrane: produces fluid
Tebdon: join muscle to bone for movement
Ligament: bone to bone to stabilise joint

44
Q

Plane joint? Characterisitics?

A

Permitnojky small gliding movement
Areas that require small degree of flexibility but stability

E.g. intercarpal and intertarasal articulation

45
Q

Saddle joint? Characterisitics?

A

Double planar
Permit 2 angular movements at right angles to each other
Sternoclavicular joint and the carpo-metacarpal joint at the thumb

46
Q

Hinge joint? Characterisitics?

A 
Permit movement in one place (flex and extend)
Elbow and ibtwephalangeal joints
Temperomandibular joint (bicondyloid): contains cartilagebous disc that divides the joint into 2 compartments with permit limited side to side and anterior and posterior movements
47
Q

Pivot joints? Characterisitics?

A

Permit rotation
Rotation defined as the movement of the bone around its own longitudinal axis
Head of the radius rotating in a ring formed by the annular ligament and the ulnar
And the anterior arch of the atlas with the odontoid oeg of the axis in neck

48
Q

Ellipsoid joint? Characterisitics?

A

Condyloid joint
Joint surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other
Movement in ore than one plane - flex, extend, abduct, adduct and circumduct
No rotation
Wait and meta-carpophalangel joint in digits

49
Q

Ball and socket joint? Characterisitics?

A

Head fits into socket
Widest range of movement
Flex, extend, abduct, addict, circumduct and rotate
Shoulder and hip

50
Q

Restriction to joint movement? Characterisitics?

A

Shapes of bone
Intra/extra-capsular ligaments
Muscle mass restricts movement
Disease and trauma

51
Q

Cervical spine - #? shape? Characteristics?

A 
#?
- 7
Shape:
- C (lordotic curve)
Characteristics:
- foramen for arteries supplying brain
- more mobile region
52
Q

C1 and C2 - Names? Special? Role?

A

Atlas - C1:
- vertebral body that supports the weight of the head
Axis - C2:
- sits underneath atlas with an odontoid process that sticks up into atlas
- allowing axial and rotational movement

53
Q

Atlas - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?

A 
Vertebrae: C1
Characteristics:
- supports skull
- no body or spinous process
- anterior and posterior arches
- lateral masses to articulate with skull and axis
- foramen transversarium
Anatomical structures:
- transverse foramen and process
- anterior/posterior arch and tubercle
- vertebral artery groove and foramen
- articular facet for dens
54
Q

Axis - vertebrae? characteristics? anatomical structure?

A 
Vertebrae: C2
Characteristics:
- odontoid process
- foramen transversarium in transverse process
- spinous process bifurcated
Anatomical structure:
- transverse/spinous process
- inferior articular process
- interarticular part
- dens
55
Q

C3 to C6 - characteristics? anatomical structures?

A 
Characteristics:
- small bodies
- pedicles project posteriorly and laterally
- bifurcated spinous process
- foramen transversarium
- vertebral foramina large and triangular
- vertebral artery enters foramen of C6
- transverse process have anterior and posterior tubercles
Anatomical structures:
- bifurcated spinous process
- lamina and body
- transverse foramen and process
- superior/inferior articular facets
56
Q

C7 - Name? Characteristics? Anatomical structures?

A

Vertebra prominens
Characteristics:
- most prominent structure (palpable)
- long spinous process (not bifurcated)
- foramen transversarium
- vertebral vessels don’t pass foramen but veins do
Anatomical same as C3-6 but with differences above

General Health and Disease (GHD) (31 decks)

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