Intro to Fungi

Question 1

Opportunistic systemic mycoses?

Answer 1

Candida albicans: oral/esophageal, systemic and vaginal
Cryptococcus neoformans: brain
Aspergillus fumigatus: lungs
Superficial mycoses: feet

Question 2

When are fungi most prominent?

Answer 2

Immune-compromised people

Question 3

What is a fungus?

Answer 3

A chemo-organotrophic eukaryotes that lacks chlorophyll and forms spores. Its cell wall.contains polysaccardies, often chiron or glucagon and it absorbs nutrients. Its membrane contains ergosteril as the major sterol. Classification based in morphology

Question 4

Structure of a fungi?

Answer 4

Forms a mycelium
Hypha, hyphal branch, and the hyphal apex
Forming a conidiophore with chains of conidia that spread the fungi

Question 5

Name the fungal groups which cause disease in humans?

Answer 5

Basidiomycetes (mushrooms)
Ascomycetes (yeast)
Zyginycetes (bread mould)

Question 6

Stricture of ascomycetes?

Answer 6

Ascospores contained within a sac

Question 7

Zygomyctes structure?

Answer 7

Rough-walled zygote contains one or more zygospores

Question 8

Reproduction systems of fungi?

Answer 8

Budding or unicelluar division?

Question 9

Non-fatal diseases caused by fungi?

Answer 9

Athlete’s foot: epidermophyton and mucrosporum

Thrush: candida

Question 10

Fatal diseases?

Answer 10

Candida can infected deep organs

Aspergillys so infect deep organs

Question 11

Host factors contribute to pathogenicity of fungal infections?

Answer 11

Favourable microenvironment (warm and moist)
Broad-spectrum antibacterial create space for epithelial colonisation
Immunosuppression created window of opportunity

Question 12

Immunosuppression of host defences?

Answer 12

Iatrogenc: steroids, chemo and transplantation
Diseases: AIDS, leukaemia and endocrinopathies

Question 13

Candidiasis?

Answer 13

Commensal to GI

Risk factors: age, antibiotic therapy, endocrine disorder, immune defect, immune suppression and surgery

Question 14

Candida causing human diseases?

Answer 14

Oral, vaginal, skin, nail, esophageal, urinary and disseminated

Question 15

Oral candidosis?

Answer 15

Cutaneous/superficial
Caused by candida
Increasing cases
Attributed to immunocompromised patients
Pre-disposing factors:
- local: antibiotics, dentures, corticosteroids and radio
- general: drugs, age, endocrine, immunity, nutritional deficiency and smoking

Question 16

Symptoms and presentation of OPC?

Answer 16

White plaques resemble milk curd of buccal mucosa and less common in tongue or gums
Symptoms may be absent or dryness, loss of taste and pain on swallowing

Question 17

Classification of oral candidosis?

Answer 17

Pseudomembranous (tongue)
Erythmatous (hard palate)
Hyperplatsic (inflammation tongue(
Angular cheiltis (edge of mouth)
Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis

Question 18

Oral thrush?

Answer 18

Pseudomembranous (roof)

Question 19

Oral candida

Answer 19

Glossitis and angular cheiltis

Question 20

Chronic atrophic candida?

Answer 20

Epiglotis

Question 21

Candida oesophagitis

Answer 21

Oesophagus

Question 22

Candida onychimycosis?

Answer 22

Nails

Question 23

Chronic mucocutaneous candida?

Answer 23

Face
Arise with an unusual combi of endocrine and immune dysfunction
(APECED)

Question 24

Diagnosis of oral candidosis?

Answer 24

Direct smear: scraped and applied to microscope slide
Swab: inoculation of swap into growth medium
Oral rinse: inoculated onto selective medium
Imprint culture: sterile foam applied to mucosa and placed onto agar plate
Biopsy

Question 25

Direct smear?

Answer 25

Periodic acid shiff: staining of gluco____

Vaginal smear: calcofluor white stain

Question 26

Antifungals and their targets?

Answer 26

Traziles and allyamines: target steril
Echinocandins: target wall
Polyenes: target membrane
Flucytosine: target DNA synth

Question 27

Antifungal problems?

Answer 27

Spectrum of activity
Static or cidal
IV or oral
Resistance
Cost

Question 28

Polyenes?

Answer 28

Amphotericin B (topical, IV, lozenge, ointment, and oral suspension
Nystatin (topical, particle and oral suspension)

Question 29

Azoles?

Answer 29

Clotrimazile and fluconazole (topical)

Fluconazole and itraconazole (oral and IV)

Question 30

Echinocandins?

Answer 30

Anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin (IV)

Question 31

Antiseptics?

Answer 31

Chlorhexidine