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Neuroscience > Intro to the Nervous System/Histology > Flashcards

Intro to the Nervous System/Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

A

Glial cells = provide structural support and make myelin

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2
Q

What type of cells produce myelin? in peripheral and central nervous system?

A

peripheral = schwann cells

central = oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

What is the purpose of astrocytes?

A

form structural support/blood brain barrier

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4
Q

what are microglias?

A

they are phagocytes -

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5
Q

what is the problem with glial cells?

A

they most often give rise to brain tumours - gliomas

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6
Q

what composes the peripheral nervous system?

A

everything other than the brain, brain stem and the spinal cord

including the brachial plexus and the lumbar plexus

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7
Q

describe the different shapes of pseudounipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons

A
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8
Q

what does grey matter consist of?

A

the cell bodies/dendrites

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9
Q

What is the white matter consisting of?

A

the myelinated axons -

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10
Q

why is it relevant that the schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin in different areas of the body?

A

it is relevant for regeneration - damage to peripheral nervous system is mendable…

damage to the central nervous system has yet to be mended

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11
Q

groups of cell bodies in the central nervous system are referred to as what?

A

nuclei

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12
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are referred to as what?

A

ganglion

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13
Q

what are the terms for senesory/motor nerve impulses?

A

–Sensory (afferent): towards the central nervous system.

–Motor (efferent): away from the central nervous system.

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14
Q

what is ‘somatic sensation ‘

A

–Somatic sensation: we are acutely aware of these, and are well able to localise them (e.g. sharp pain, touch). Generally originate in body wall structures.

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15
Q

What is visceral sensation?

A

–Visceral sensation: either imperceptible, only vaguely localisable, or only become perceptible in disease. They are from blood vessels and internal organs (viscera).

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16
Q

What is decussation?

A

as a result of neurons crossing over. Right side of body controlled by left side of brain and vice versa

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17
Q

what are the layers of the meninge?

A

adherent to the skull = dura mater

adherent to the dura = arachnoid mater

space = subarachnoid space

pia mater

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18
Q

what divisions are made in the brain by dura mater?

A

the falx cerebri - seperates the two hemispheres

the falx cerebelli - seperates the hemispheres from the cerebellum

cerebrum tentorium = seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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19
Q

What are the dura venous sinuses? Why are they relevant?

A

this is the venous system below the dura mater- which directly contributes to the internal jugular vein

  • they are the venous drainage of the brain
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20
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid - circulates

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21
Q

why is cerebrospinal fluid important?

A

it gives a sort of shock absorption - (every day we produce about 1/2 liter) we need to reabsorb it into the venous circulation as we make more

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22
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

in the ventricular system - there are two lateral a third and a fourth ventricle

by the choroid plexus

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23
Q

describe the different regions of the ventricular system

A
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24
Q

what does the cerebral aquaduct connect?

A

it connects the third and fourth ventricles

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25
Q

What is the term for problems with the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system?

A

hydrocephalus (water on the brain) -

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26
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure seperate?

A

seperates the left and right hemispheres-

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27
Q

what is the large band of white matter in the middle of the brain?

A

corpus callosum- very important b/c it allows info to travel from one hemisphere to the other

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28
Q

what are the three parts of the brain stem ?

A

mid brain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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29
Q

what part of the brain stem is continuos with the spinal cord?

A

the medulla oblongata

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30
Q

what are the features of the brain stem?

A

ascending and descending tracts ( bands that bring info in and out)

control vital functions like breathing, respiration and the cardiovascular system

10/12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem

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31
Q

bundles of fibers put together with a similar function in the CNS are called what?

A

tract, pathway, fasciculus

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32
Q

in the peripheral nervous system what do we call a bundle of fibers bound together?

A

nerves

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33
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? how many arise from the bran stem?

A

12 cranial nerve paris

10 come from BS

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34
Q

where do the two pairs of cranial nerves come from that DONT come from the Brain stem?

A

they come from the cerebrum

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35
Q

What is the first pair of cranial nerve responsible for?

A

Olfactory - smell

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36
Q

what is the second pair of cranial nerves for?

A

optic nerve = vision

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37
Q

what is the 3rd pair of cranial nerves for?

A

occulomotor - eye movements

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38
Q

what is the 4th cranial nerve for?

A

Trochlear nerve - eye movements - SO4 (moves superior oblique)

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39
Q

what is the 5th cranial nerve responsible for?

A

trigeminal nerve carries all the sensation for the face and scalp, as well as mandibuar movments

“trigeminal suggests three different areas of sensation”

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40
Q

what is the 6th pair of cranial nerves necessary for?

A

VI Abducens eye movements

41
Q

what is the 7th cranial nerve for?

A

facial expressions

42
Q

what is the 8th cranial nerve for?

A

Vestibulocochlear =hearing, balance

43
Q

what is the 9th cranial nerve called?

A

glosophayngeal

44
Q

what is the 10th cranial nerve for?

A

vagus = parasympathetic nerve

45
Q

?what is the 11th cranial nerve used for

A

accessory nerve = neck and head movements

46
Q

what is the hypoglossal nerve used for?

A

tongue movements

47
Q

where is the cerebellum attached to?

A

attached to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles - bands of white matter

48
Q

what is the outside layer of the cerebellum consistant of?

A

cerebellar cortex= grey matter

49
Q

what are the various folds inside of the cerebellum? What are their purposes?

A

they are called folia - used to increase surface area

50
Q

what is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

it allows for fluidity of motion/balance

51
Q

What does alcohol effect?

A

alcohol is toxic to the cerebellum - it effects your coordination= dysmetria -

52
Q

describe the different lobes/sulci

A

in front of the central sulcus = frontal lobe

behind central sulcus = parietal lobe

in back = occipital lobe (which is divided from the parietal lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus)

there are functional areas associated with each of these lobes

*note the lateral fissure is also knowns as the sylvian fissure)

the ‘red stripe’ on the picture - is called the pre-central gyrys/cortex - it is responsible for the initiation of movement

53
Q

what is the postcentral gyrus responsible for?

A

it is the somatosensory cortex - so it’s in charge of making you conscious of your surroundings

54
Q

what area is above the calcarine sulcus?

A

the occipital lobe -

55
Q

what is the limbic system responsible?

A

it is responsible for our primative desires - need for reproduction, hunger, drive to protect - etc

56
Q

underneath the lateral fissure lies which lobe?

A

the temporal lobe

57
Q

how many speech centers are there?

A

2

one is responsible for motor speech

one is responsible for understanding the spoken word

*both of these are in the dominant hemisphere*

  • if a stroke effects your dominant hemisphere - you could have speech problems as a result*
58
Q

what might damage cuased by a stroke lead to?

A

Aphasia, blindness, behavioural problems (frontal cortex), speech/language understanding

*where the stroke occurs, determines your effects*

59
Q

what is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

they are concerned with movement, control of muscle tone and posture - they are groups of cell bodies that are deep within the cerebral hemispheres and communicate with eachother - they allow for fluidity of motion -

problems in any part of the basal ganglia = Parkinson’s disease - they will have a stooped shuffling gate, no facial expression as the disease progresses, and the resting tremor

60
Q

what nerve is responsible for smell?

A

smell = 1

61
Q

what cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

A

2nd cranial nerve

62
Q

what cranial nerves are responsible for taste?

A

7th cranial nerve and 9th

63
Q

what cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

A

8th

64
Q

which part of your neurosystem is responsible for pain and temperature?

A

spinothalamic tract- made up of three neurones

65
Q

What is the purpose of the Thalamus?

A

it is the relay station for the second order of neuron to synapse - and allows for the third order of neuron to go from there and relayed to particular parts of the brain

66
Q

what are the 2 major motor pathways?

A

2 order neurones

upper motor neuron= grey matter of cortex

lower motor neuron = cell bodies in grey matter of spinal cord (corticospinal tract or corticobulbar tract)

67
Q

say you want to pick something up off of a table… what are you using?

A

upper motor neuron shoots off a signal - moves into C5-T1 in spinal cord and a second order neuron is fired off from the spinal cord into your arm -

this is called the corticospinal tract

68
Q

If you want to smile - describe what occurs

A

upper motor neuron goes from cortex - to brain stem - then lower motor neuron goes out from the brain stem out as the 7th cranial nerve - this is the corticobulbar tract

69
Q

damage to the upper motor neuron will have effects on what?

A
  • (Initial weakness/ paralysis)
  • Later hypertonicity
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Babinski’s sign (extensor response)
70
Q

if you damage your lower motor neurons (like brachial plexus) what occurs?

A

•Weakness

–Paresis/paralysis (-plegia)

  • Wasting
  • Fasciculations- little ripples on the muscle
  • Hypotonicity
  • Hyporeflexia
71
Q

what is the primitive streak as it relates to embryology

A
  • indicates the main line / body axis. Eventually it degenerates and disappears
  • From the primitive node (cranial end) - structure laid down = notochord.
72
Q

what is the notochord?

A

Notochord

  • Mesoderm/endoderm
  • A rod like structure which lies underneath the neural tube.
  • This is the fundamental, distinguishing characteristic of vertebrates
  • Positioned dorsally & longitudinally - it becomes cartilaginous in structure.
73
Q

when does the neural tube begin to form?

A

day 17-18

74
Q

where does closure of the neural tube begin?

A

begins in the middle of the embryos back and then extends cranially and caudally

this zipping process begins at day 22 and ends on day 27 at the tail end

75
Q

when does the closure of the neural tube begin?

A

day 21-22

76
Q

About what day does the caudal side of the embryo close? How about the cranial end?

A

cranial = day 25

caudal = day 27

77
Q

what is the term for an improper closure of the neural tube that is fully functioning and develops a tuft of hair on the neck

A

spina bifica occulta

78
Q

neurons contain what for protein synthesis?

A

rough ER and ribosomes

79
Q

a …. is found between nuerons

a … is found between neurons and the muscle cell

A

a synpase is found between neurons

a neuromuscular junction is found between neurons and muscle cells

80
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Multipolar neuron surrounded by neuroglial cells - the nuclei of the neuroglia appear as blue dots

81
Q

what is the difference between fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes?

A

Fibrous astrocytes have long processes and few branches and are found mostly in the white matter in the central nervous system (CNS).

Protoplasmic astrocytes have processes that surround blood vessels and neurons and are mainly in the grey matter of the CNS.

82
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

Ependymal cells line the brain ventricles and the central canal of the CNS. They contribute to the formation of the choroid plexus which is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The luminal surface of the ependyma is ciliated, contributing to the movement of CSF. Ependymal cells form a leaky cellular barrier between brain tissue and the CSF.

83
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

multipolar neurons in grey matter of CNS

84
Q

what is shown in this image?

A

spinal cord grey matter showing multiple neurons

85
Q
A
86
Q

what is shown here?

A

neurons in grey matter of spinal cord granules are visible in some of the neurons

87
Q

what is shown here?

A

neurons and neuroglia in grey matter of spinal cord

88
Q

what is shown here?

A

spinal cord

89
Q

what are the layers of the peripheral nerve trunk?

A

epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium

90
Q

what is shown here?

A

nerve fasciculi covered in perineurium

91
Q

What is shown here?

A

striations of the muscle cell

92
Q

What is shown here?

A

it is a very small blood vessel containing numeros erythrocytes

93
Q

what is shown here?

A

it is a blood smear showing numerous erythrocytes and a solitary leukocyte

94
Q

what is shown here?

A

a haemopoietic bone marrow section

95
Q
A
96
Q

Identify areas A and B

A

A= white pulp

B= Red pulp

97
Q

Identify A

A

A= plasma cell

98
Q

what other brain structures apart from the corticobulbar/corticospinal tracts are responsible for movement and posture?

A

extrapyramidal pathways/systems

  • vestibulospinal tract = balance
  • reticulospinal tract = muscle tone/posture
  • basal ganglia - intentional movement
  • cerebellum = balance

Neuroscience (44 decks)

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