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Neuroscience > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

sleep is what kind of state?

A

a state of changed consciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation - it is a physiological state

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2
Q

what is a coma?

A

A state of profound unconsciousness

characterised by inability to sense and respond to

external stimuli and loss of sleep-wake-cycle

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3
Q

how do we clinicaly assess a coma? How long is the normal duration?

A

assess via Glasgow Scale

duration = few days to a few weeks

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4
Q

what is a persistant vegetative state? How does it differ from brain death?

A

vegetative =

A state of unconsiousness in patients with severe brain injury.

Frequently observed in patients in whom coma has progressed to a

certain state of wakefulness (e.g. sleep-wake cycles, open eyes)

without detectable awareness (unresponsive to external stimuli

except possibly pain)

brain death = irreversible coma characterised by lack of brain activity, pain responses and reflexes

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5
Q

what do we call a year long rhythm?

A

Circannual rhythm

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6
Q

what do we call a monthly rhythm?

A

infradian rhythm

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7
Q

what is a 24 hour rhythm ?

A

circadian rhythm- wake/sleepy cycle

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8
Q

what are the rhythms which are cycled throughout the day?

A

ultradian rhythyms = sleep cycle

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9
Q

what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland at night to help induce sleep?

A

melatonin

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10
Q

how long does each sleep cycle last?

A

90 minute cycles repeated 5-6 times per night

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11
Q

what are the two general categories of sleep stages?

A

slow wave sleep (stages 1,2,3,4)

rapid eye movement sleep

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12
Q

what occurs to your autonomic system during slow wave sleep?

A

autonomic stability - HR, BP and temperature fall

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13
Q

describe the pattern of sleep stages

A
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14
Q

how do the sleep stages change in duration/depth throughout the night?

A

slow wave sleep (NREM) becomes less deep

REM becomes more prolonged until waking occurs

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15
Q

how can we measure sleep?

A

brain waves = EEG

Eye movements = EOG

muscle tension = EMG

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16
Q

what does an EEG show during wakefulness?

A

shows a beta rhythm

17
Q

what does an EEG show when someone is awake but eyes are closed?

A

alpha rhythm - awake with eyes closed and inattentive to environment

18
Q

Describe the different stages of sleep

A
  • stage 1 = light sleep, easily awakened, slow eye movements muscle activity slows, Theta Waves
  • Stage 2= eye movements cease, brain waves become slower, occasional spindles and K complexes
  • Stage 3= extremely slow delta waves interrupted by small faster waves
  • stage 4 = nearly exclusive production of slow delta waves, very difficult to wake a person
  • REM= fast, small amplitude waves like during wakefulness, hypotonicity or flaccidity, rapid eye movements
    *
19
Q
A
20
Q

Do we get more or less REM sleep as we age?

A

less REM sleep with age

21
Q

what is the effect of sleep loss on blood pressure, heart rate, glucose metabolism and obesity?

A

sleep loss

  • increases blood pressure
  • increases heart rate
  • disrupts glucose metabolism
  • increases obesity
22
Q

what is the ‘healing and repair’ period during sleep?

A

NREM/Slow wave sleep - growth hormone is secreted during 10pm - 2am

23
Q

consuming alcohol reduces what part of sleep?

A

it reduces REM

24
Q

what part of your brain controls the REM/NREM cycle?

A

the reticular formation (RAS)

25
Q

what part of your brain controls your sleep wake cycle?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

26
Q

wakefulness is maintained by what two systems?

A

the ascending systems of the reticular formation and the brainstem neurons contributing to the reticular activating system

27
Q

what determines our level of alertness?

A

the reticular activating system

28
Q

what happens to chlinergic and monoaminergic pathways during NREM sleep?

A

neuronal activity in both systems slows down -

29
Q

Do excitatory glutamatergic neurons inhibit REM sleep or NREM sleep?

A

they inhbit REM sleep and promote NREM sleep

30
Q

what occurs to the cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons during REM sleep?

A

the cholinergic neruons fire rapidly

the monoaminergic neurons stop firing

31
Q

how does exessive daytime sleepiness differ from fatigue?

A

fatigue = tiredness or weariness resulting in difficlty remaining awake/sustaining a high level of performance

EDS is difficulty maintaining wakefullness and an increased likelihood of falling asleep in an unsuitable situation (narcolepsy)

32
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep

due to brain signal interruption or windpipe collapse during inhalation

Neuroscience (44 decks)

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