Intro to Skeleton Flashcards
Function of the Skeleton
- Support of soft tissues of the body
- Mineral Reservoir (calcium/phosphate)
- Energy Storage (yellow marrow)
- Blood Cell Production (red marrow)
- Protection of Vital Organs
- Leverage & Movement
How much of the body’s calcium is in bones?
98%
Where is fat stored in the bones?
medullary cavity of long bones
Where is red bone marrow in the bones?
In cavities of spongy bone
Connective Tissue of the Skeletal System
-
Connective Tissue Proper
- Dense Regular CT
- ligaments, bone sheaths, tendons
- Adipose
- stored in bone
- Dense Regular CT
-
Supporting Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- joint discs, invertebral discs, symphysis pubis
- Osseous Tissue
- Cartilage
-
Fluid Connective Tissue
- Blood
- formed in red bone marrow
- Blood
differentiate/change into any connective tissue
Mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
Cartilage Characteristics
- No blood vessels/nerves
- Consists primarily of water (60-80%)
- Surrounded by perichondrium
- Growth ends at 18-20 years
- Little healing in adulthood
- Collagen resists tension
- Poor at resisting “shearing forces”
- Cartilage cells:
- chondroblasts
- chondrocytes
Cartilage Types
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Characteristics
- Most abundant
- Has fibers (too small to see)
- Found in young bone
- Resists compression, but not tolerant of twisting or shearing forces
- Located on end of bone, growth plate, septum, costal cartilages, developing bone
Elastic Cartilage Characteristics
- Many elastic fibers
- Tolerates repeated bending, recoil
- Located within ears and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage Characteristics
- Abundant collagen fibers
- Resists twisting and compression
- No perichondrium
- Located in invertebral disc, menisci, some ligament & tendon attachment to bone
Every bone has…
- Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
- Two types of osseous tissue
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Characteristics
- Honeycomb-like netowrk of bone
- Form trabeculae (beams) to resist directional stresses
- Cavities filled with red bone marrow
- Found in epiphysis & center of bone organ
- Replaced every 4 years
What surrounds the trabeculae?
Endosteum
Compact Bone Characteristics
- Bone forms concentric rings of matrix (osteon)
- Bone cells are trapped within cavities (lacunae)
- Organized “nested rings” in periphery bone
- Replaced every 10 years
TRUE/FALSE
Depending on body signals, bone will change from Spongy Bone to Compact Bone, and back again
True
Osteoid
Non-cellular matrix
Organic Compounds
- Provides flexibility
- Primarily collagen fibers
- Resists twisting and tension
Inorganic Compounds
- Provides durability and hardness
- Calcium and Phosphate
- 98% of calcium held in bone
Bone cells
- Osteoclast
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoblast
- Osteocyte
Osteoclast
- Derived from WBC
- Breaks down old matrix (osteoid)
- Releases calcium and phosphate
Osteoprogenitor Cell
- Will form all new bone cells
- Can divide
Osteoblast
- Immature bone cells
- Secretes new matrix (osteoid)
Osteocyte
- Mature bone cells
- Trapped cell in lacunae
- “Resident” cell
Canaliculi Transfer
Wastes, nutrients, gases, etc. diffuse from cell to cell due to the mineralized matrix which allows no diffusion
Intramembranous Ossification
- Forms mainly flat bones of skull
- Bone develops between layer of fibrous membrane
- Can be seen in fontanels (baby’s soft spots)
Endochondral Ossification
- Forms mainly long bones of body (especially appendages)
- Cartilage Model formed first
- Bone replaces cartilage over time
- Some cartilage remains at epiphyseal plate (until growth ends) and ends of bones (for life)
Appositional Growth
Growth of bone in width
bone cells lay down new bone tissue along outside of bone (deep to the periosteum)
Interstitial Growth
Growth of bone in length
Bone replaces cartilage, where cartilage cells have died
Occurs along epiphyseal plate
Classification of Bone by Shape
- Flat Bones → Cranial skull bones (parietal bone)
- Long Bones → Bones of appendages
- Short Bones → Cube-like bones (carpals, tarsals)
- Irregular Bones → Variable shape (vertebrae, coxal bone)
- Sesamoid Bones → Sesame seed shape (patella)