Intro to Pharm Definitions Flashcards
Drug
substance that brings about a biological change in function through its chemical actions
FDA role
ensure drugs are safe and effective
Pro-drug
drug that must be converted to it’s active form once inside the body
Pharmacotherapeutics
field of study of appropriate use of medications to treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms
Pharmacogenomics
field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolism or processes that can affect individual responses to drugs
Pharmacoeconomics
field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies
Pharmacoepidemiology
field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study uses and effects of meds on large populations
beta blocker nomenclature
-lol, ex: propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol
alpha blocker nomenclature
-sin, ex: doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin
ACE Inhibitor nomenclature
-pril, ex: benazepril, lisinopril, captopril
Calcium channel blocker nomenclature
-pine, ex: amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine
Diuretic nomenclature
-ide, ex: hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide
H2 Receptor antagonist nomenclature
-ine, ex: ranitidine, nizatidine, cimetidine
Proton pump inhibitor nomenclature
-zole, ex: omeprazole, esomeprazole
Duration of action definition
time period between onset of drug effect and end of effect
Therapeutic window definition
ratio between minimum effective concentration and minimum toxic concentration
Four classifications of chemical interactions
additive, synergistic, potentiation, antagonism
Definition of functional antagonism
two agonists interact with different receptors to produce an opposite effect
Definition of chemical antagonism
drug counters the effect of another resulting in decreased effect
Definition of dispositional antagonism
metabolism of a chemical is altered and concentration and/or duration of chemical are diminished
Definition of receptor antagonism
receptor configuration/specificity
Therapeutic equivalence definition
must be pharmaceutically equivalent and it is expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile
Bioequivalence definition
similar rate and extent of absorption, 80-125% of reference product
Pharmaceutical alternatives definition
same drug but different salts/complexes, or different dosage forms/strengths
“A” Codes for therapeutic equivalence
drug products that are considered to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products
“B” codes for therapeutic equivalence
drug products that FDA is considered not to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products
gm or g
grams
mg
milligrams
mcg
micrograms
mEq
milliequivalents
lb
pounds
kg
kilograms
tsp
teaspoon
tbsp
tablespoon
oz
ounces
ml/cc
milliliter/cubic centimeter
mL in a tsp
5
ml in tbsp
15
ml in an oz
30
ml in a quart
946
ml in a pint
473
L in a gallon
3.79
Schedule I definition
non-research use illegal under federal law, no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
Schedule II definition
no telephone rx’s, no refills, high abuse potential
Schedule III definition
New Rx written after 6mo or 5 refills
Schedule IV definition
Rx must be written after 6mo/5 refills, differs from schedule III for illegal possession
Schedule V definition
non opioid rx dispensed without rx
Major reasons for drug therapy failure
patient compliance, medication errors
Factors that may impact administered dose and drug effects
physiologic variables, pathologic factors, genetic factors, interactions with other drugs, development for tolerance
three pregnancy risk categories
pregnancy (including labor and delivery), lactation, female and male reproductive potential
Pregnancy subsection of “Pregnancy Risk Categories” includes information about…
dosing and potential risks to the fetus, registry of info that collects data on how pregnant women are affected when they use a product
Lactation subsection of “Pregnancy Risk Categories” includes information about…
drugs that should not be used during breastfeeding, known data regarding active metabolites in milk, and clinical effects on the infant
Females and males of reproductive potential subsection of “Pregnancy Risk Categories” includes information about…
pregnancy testing or birth control before, during, or after drug therapy, and a medication’s effect on fertility and pregnancy loss
q.d.
every day
b.i.d.
twice daily
t.i.d.
three times daily
q.i.d.
four times daily
q.o.d.
every other day
q.”x”h.
every x hours
q.a.m.
every morning
q.p.m.
every night
q.h.s.
every night at bedtime
p.r.n.
as needed
a.c.
before meals
p.c.
after meals
o.d.
right eye
o.s.
left eye
o.u.
both eyes
a.d.
right ear
a.s.
left ear
a.u.
both ears
drops
gtt
p.o.
by mouth
s.l.
sublingually
i.v.
intravenously
i.m.
intramuscularly
s.q.
subcutaneously
p.r.
per rectum
NGT
naso-gastric tube
OGT
oro-gastric tube
dosage formula calculation
one dose = (doctors order/supply on hand) x quantity
