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SBL > Derm Path > Flashcards

Derm Path Flashcards

1
Q

Squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

A

held together by desmosomes, produce keratin to create a tough and durable barrier

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2
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin, brown pigment that absorbs and protects against UV radiation

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3
Q

Skin dendritic cells

A

Langerhans cells, secrete factors to begin innate immune response

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4
Q

Lymphocytes that home to the skin

A

T cells with CCR4 and CCR10 receptors

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5
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum,, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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6
Q

Histological structure of epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Histological structure of dermis

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Skin adnexa

A

structures derived from skin and adjacent to the skin; includes hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands

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9
Q

Excoriation

A

traumatic lesion breaking epidermis and causing a raw linear area

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10
Q

Lechneification

A

thickened, rough skin

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11
Q

Macule, patch

A

circumscribed, flat lesion distinguished from surrounding skin by color

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12
Q

Onycholysis

A

separation of nail plate from nail bed

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13
Q

Papule, nodule

A

elevated dome-shaped or flat-topped lesion

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14
Q

Plaque

A

elevated flat-topped lesion

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15
Q

Pustule

A

Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion

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16
Q

Scale

A

Dry, horny, platelike excrescence

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17
Q

Vesicle, bulla, blister

A

fluid-filled raised lesion

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18
Q

wheal

A

itchy, transient, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema

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19
Q

Acanthosis

A

diffuse epidermal hyperplasia

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20
Q

Dyskeratosis

A

abnormal, permature keratinization within cells below stratum granulosum

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21
Q

Erosion

A

discontinuity of skin showing complete loss of epidermis

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22
Q

Exocytosis

A

infiltration of epidermis by inflammatory cells

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23
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen in viral infections

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24
Q

Hypergranulosis

A

hyperplasia of stratum granulosum

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25
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

thickening of stratum corneum

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26
Q

Lentiginous

A

linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation with epidermal basal cell layer

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27
Q

Papillomatosis

A

surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and enlargement of contiguous dermal papillae

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28
Q

Parakeratosis

A

keratinization with retained nuclei in stratum corneum

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29
Q

Spongiosis

A

intercellular edema of epidermis

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30
Q

ulceration

A

discontinuity of skin showing complete loss of epidermis

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31
Q

Vacuolization

A

formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells

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32
Q

Most common pigmented lesion of childhood in light pigmented individuals

A

freckle (ephelis)

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33
Q

Ephelis morphology

A

tan-red macules that appear after sun exposure; increased melanin in basal keratinocytes

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34
Q

Lentigo

A

localized melanocytic hyperplasia

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35
Q

Lentigo morphology

A

oval, tan-brown macules or papules; linear melanocytic hyperplasia restricted to basal cell layer

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36
Q

Melanocytic nevi

A

benign neoplasms caused by activating mutations in Ras pathway

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37
Q

Congenital nevus architecture/features

A

deep dermal, sometimes subcutaneous growth around adnexa, blood vessel walls, and NV bundles

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38
Q

Blue nevus architecture/features

A

non-nested dermal infiltration, often with associated fibrosis; highly dendritic and heavily pigmented nevus cells

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39
Q

Spindle and epitheloid cell nevus architecture and features

A

fascicular growth; large, plump cells with pink-blue cells, fusiform cells

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40
Q

Halo nevus architecture and features

A

lymphocytic infiltration surrounding nevus cells, identical to ordinary acquired nevi

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41
Q

Dysplastic nevus architecture and features

A

coalescent intraepidermal nests, cytologic atypia

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42
Q

Junctional nevi morphology

A

aggregates or nests of round cells that grow along dermoepidermal junction

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43
Q

Compound nevi morphology

A

junctional nevi grow into underlying dermis as nests or cords of cells

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44
Q

Dysplastic nevi morphology

A

involve epidermis and dermis, cytologic atypia, underlying dermis typically shows linear fibrosis

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45
Q

Characteristics of a “normal mole”

A

evenly colored brown, tan, or black spot on the skin; flat or raised; round or oval

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46
Q

ABCDE rule

A

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution

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47
Q

Potential warning signs for melanoma

A

sore that doesn’t heal, spread of pigment from border of a spot into surrounding skin, redness or a new swelling beyond the border of the mole, change in sensation, change in surface

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48
Q

Radial growth of melanoma

A

horizontal spread of melanoma within epidermis and superficial dermis

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49
Q

Vertical growth phase of melanoma

A

appearance of nodule and correlates with the emergence of a tumor subclone with metastatic potential

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50
Q

Breslow thickness

A

depth of invasian, distance from superficial epidermal granular cell layer to deepest intradermal tumor cell

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51
Q

Seborrheic keratoses affects which populations

A

middle-aged or older individuals, spontaneously arise on the trunk

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52
Q

Seborrheic karatoses morphology

A

round, flat, coinlike, waxy plaques that vary in diameter; sharply demarcated from the epidermis, exuberant keratin production at the surface

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53
Q

Leser-Trélet sign

A

paraneoplastic syndrome in which a large number of seborrheic keratoses appear at one time, most notably in GI cancers

54
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

dark-thickcened skin in creases or flexural areas that has a velvet-like structure

55
Q

Benign conditions associated with acanthosis nigricans

A

obesity, DM, pineal or pituitary tumor, AD inheritance

56
Q

Malignant conditions associated with acanthosis nigricans

A

solid cancers, especially GI carcinoma

57
Q

Morphology of acanthosis nigricans

A

variable hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis and slight basal cell layer hyperpigmentation

58
Q

fibroepithelial polyp

A

soft, flesh-colored, bag-like tumors, covered by benign squamous epithelium

59
Q

Epithelial inclusion cyst

A

lesions formed by invagination and cystic expansion of epidermis; aka sebaceous cyst

60
Q

Typical features of appendage tumors

A

nondescript, flesh-colored solitary or multiple papules and nodules

61
Q

Eccrine poroma

A

palms and soles where sweat glands are numerous

62
Q

Cylindroma

A

appendage tumor with ductal differentiation that typically occurs on the forehead or scalp

63
Q

Syringoma

A

lesions with eccrine differentiation that occur on the lower eyelids

64
Q

Sebaceous adenomas

A

typically associated with internal malignancy

65
Q

Pilomatricoma

A

follicular differentiation

66
Q

Actinic Keratoses

A

usually occur in sun-damaged skin and exhibits hyperkeratosis

67
Q

Morphology of actinic keratoses

A

tan-brown, red, or skin-colored and have a rough consistency; hyperplasia of basal cells and atypia in lower most layer of epidermis; elastosis at superficial dermis, parakeratosis at corneum

68
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma morphology

A

atypical cells at all levels of the epidermis, varying degree of differentiation

69
Q

Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis

A

mutations that lead to uncontrolled hedgehog signaling; mutated PTCH receptor causes consistent activation of SMO resulting in excessive gene expression

70
Q

Basal cell carcinoma morphology

A

pearly papules with telangiectasias, multifocal or nodular growths (epidermis or downward growth, respectively), palisading cells (long axes in parallel alignment)

71
Q

Benign fibrous histiocytoma

A

heterogenous group of related dermal neoplasms, often seen on adults and typically occur on the legs of young and middle-aged women

72
Q

Dermatofibroma morphology

A

benign, spindle shaped cells arranged in a well defined, nonencapsulated mass within the mid-dermis

73
Q

Painful skin lesions

A

GLENDAB; glomus tumor, leiomyoma, eccrine spiradenoma, neurofibroma, dermatofibroma, angiolipoma, blue rubber bleb nevus

74
Q

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

A

well-differentiated fibrosarcoma of the skin that rarely metastasizes

75
Q

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans molecular hallmark

A

translocation involving collagen 1A1 and PDGFB

76
Q

Mastocytosis

A

spectum of rare disorders characterized by increased numbers of mast cells in skin and other organs

77
Q

Cutaneous form of mastocytosis that affects children

A

uritcaria pigmentosa

78
Q

Darier sign

A

localized area of dermal edema and erythema that occurs when lesional skin is rubbed

79
Q

Dermatographism

A

area of dermal edema resembling a hive that occurs as a result of localized stroking

80
Q

Signs and sxs of systemic mastocytosis

A

pruritis and flushing, watery nasal discharge, GI or nasal bleed, bone pain

81
Q

Sezary syndrome

A

diffuse erythema and scaling of the entire body due to seeding of blood by malignant T cells (Mycosis fungoides

82
Q

Icthyosis

A

group of inherited disorders apparent at or soon after birth, may be paraneoplastic; chronic, excessive keratin build up

83
Q

Urticaria

A

localized mast cell degranulation and resultant microvascular hyperpermeability

84
Q

Categories of acute eczematous dermatitis

A

allergic contact, atopic, drug-related, photoeczematous, primary irritant

85
Q

Appearance of eczematous dermatitis

A

red, papulovesicular, oozing, crusted lesions, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis

86
Q

Spongiosis

A

edema seeps into intracellular spaces of epidermis

87
Q

Acantholysis

A

loss of intracellular connections

88
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

self-limited hypersensitivity reaction to certain infection and drugs; bulls eye shaped lesion

89
Q

Infections associated with erythema multiforme

A

herpes, mycoplasmal infections, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, typhoid and leprosy

90
Q

Drugs associated with erythema multiforme

A

sulfonamides, penicillin, barbiturates, salicylates, hydantoins, antimalarials

91
Q

Collagen vascular diseases associated with erythema multiforme

A

lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa

92
Q

Psoriasis

A

chronic inflammatory dermatosis appears to have an autoimmune basis; often associated with arthritis, nail discoloration (onycholysis)

93
Q

Where does psorias most frequently occur?

A

elbows, knees, scalp, lumbosacral areas, intergluteal cleft, glans penis

94
Q

Auspitz sign

A

multiple, minute, bleeding points when scale lifted from psoriatic plaque

95
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis

A

chronic inflammatory dermatosis that involves regions with high density of sebaceous glands; associated with inflammation of epidermis

96
Q

Morphology of seborrheic dermatitis

A

spongiotic dermatitis and acanthosis with parakeratotic mounts at ostia of hair follicles and mixed inflammatory cell populations

97
Q

Lichen planus

A

pruritic, purple, polygonal, planar, papules, plaques; typically self limited

98
Q

CA associated with chronic mucosal lesions of lichen planus

A

squamous cell carcinoma

99
Q

Dermatitis herpetiformis

A

subepidermal blistering with suprapapillary dermal microabscesses with granular deposits of IgA identified upon testing

100
Q

Pemphigus

A

blistering disorder caused by autoantibodies that result in dissolution of intracellular attachments within epidermis and mucosal epithelium, caused by IgG autoantibodies against desmogleins

101
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

typically involves face, axilla, groin, trunk, pressure points, may present as oral ulcers; superficial vesicles and bullae that rupture easily and leave shallow erosions

102
Q

Pemphigus vegetans

A

rare form that usually presents with large, moist, verrucous plaques studded with pustules

103
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus

A

endemic form common in brazil, superficial bullae that present as areas of erythema and crusting

104
Q

Pemphigus erythematosus

A

less sever form that selectively involves the malar area of the face

105
Q

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

A

association with NHL

106
Q

Bullous pemphigoid

A

sub epidermal blisters common in elderly individuals, especially inner thighs, flexor surfaces, axillae, groin and lower abdomen; caused by autoantibodies that bind to proteins required for adherence of basal keratinocytes to basement membrane

107
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa

A

group of disorders caused by inherited defects in structural proteins that lend mechanical stability to skin; proclivity to form blisters at sites of pressure, rubbing or trauma

108
Q

Prophyria

A

group of inborn disturbances of porphyria; cutaneous manifestations consist of urticaria and vesicles associated with scarring, exacerbated by exposure to sunlight

109
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

induced or exacerbated by drugs, occupational exposures, conditions that favor occlusion of sebaceous glands

110
Q

Open comedones

A

small follicular papules containing central black keratin plug, due to oxidation of melanin

111
Q

Closed comedones

A

follicular papules without visible central plug

112
Q

Bacteria associated with acne vulgaris

A

Propionibacterium acnes

113
Q

Treatment of acne vulgaris

A

antibiotics and retinoic acids, vitamin A derivatives

114
Q

Rosacea

A

associated with chronic inflammation that may be difficult to control; characterized by flushing episodes, persistent erythema, pustules and papules, rhinophyma

115
Q

Levels of what antimicrobial peptide are increased in patients with rosacea?

A

cathelicidin

116
Q

Panniculitis

A

inflammatory reaction in subcutaneous adipose tissue that may preferentialy affect fat or connective tissue

117
Q

Erythema nodosum

A

tender, erythematous plaques and nodules associated with infections, drug administration, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignant neoplasms

118
Q

Erythema induratum

A

typically affects adolescents and menopausal women, primary vasculitis of deep vessel supplying fat lobules, exhibits erythematous nodule that goes on to ulcerate

119
Q

Weber-Christian disease

A

lobular, nonvasculitic paniculitis, erythematous plaques created by deep-seated foci of inflammation containing aggregates of foamy macrophages

120
Q

Verrucae

A

squamoproliferative disorders caused by human papillomaviruses

121
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

self-limited viral disease of the skin caused by a poxvirus; multiple lesions on skin and mucous membranes; molluscum body on histo exam

122
Q

Tinea capitis

A

dermatophytosis of scalp

123
Q

Tinea barbae

A

dermatophyte infection of beard

124
Q

Tinea corporis

A

expanding, round, erythematous plaque

125
Q

Tinea cruris

A

inguinal areas of men

126
Q

Tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

127
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

upper trunk, caused by Malassezia furfur

128
Q

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

drug reaction, mucocutaneous tenderness and hemorrhagic erosions, epidermal detachment that begins on trunk and spreads distally

129
Q

Stevens John Syndrome

A

drug reaction, mucocutaneous tenderness and surface area of epidermal detachment that occur <10% of the body

130
Q

Indications for punch biopsy

A

superficial inflammatory diseases, papulosquamous disorders, connective-tissue disorders, benign tumors, nonmelanotic malignant tumors

131
Q

Indications for shave biopsy

A

raised lesions, lesions that separate easily from deeper skin, dome-shaped nevi

132
Q

Indications for excision biopsy

A

subcutaneous or deep dermal tumors, deep inflammatory disease, malignant melanoma

SBL (21 decks)

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