Intro to Pathology

Question 1

Define aetiology

Answer 1

The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

Question 2

Define morphology

Answer 2

The phenotypic changes associated with a disease

Question 3

Define pathogenesis

Answer 3

Progressive changes as disease develops

Question 4

Define sequalae

Answer 4

What happens as a consequence of the disease – can it resolve itself etc or does it require treatment?

Question 5

What is orofacial granulomatosis?

Answer 5

swelling in the lips, face or areas within the mouth – characteristics by small collections of inflammatory cells within a granuloma

Question 6

What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of dental caries?

Answer 6

Aetiology – bacterial origin
Morphology – tooth decay
Pathogenesis – fermentation of sugars
Sequelae – fluoride treatments, removal of infected tissue, fillings/crowns if necessary, provide patient advice.

Question 7

What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of periodontitis?

Answer 7

Aetiology – bacterial origin (plaque)
Morphology – gingival tissue inflammation
Pathogenesis – bacterial protease activity, elevated pro-inflammatory response etc
Sequelae – physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue

Question 8

What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of oral cancer?

Answer 8

Aetiology – excessive alcohol/tobacco consumption (increased susceptibility)
Morphology – carcinoma formation
Pathogenesis – hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma formation
Sequelae – surgery, radiotherapy – remission possible

Question 9

What can anaemia cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 9

Burning, red tongue, inflammation of gum tissues

Question 10

What can diabetes cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 10

Dry mouth, bad breath, burning tongue, inflammation and tooth decay

Question 11

What can anorexia nervosa and bulimia cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 11

Erosion of tooth enamel, fillings raised above the eroded tooth surfaces, sensitive teeth, enlargement of the parotid glands and sweet breath aroma

Question 12

What can kidney failure cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 12

Retarded tooth development in children, dry mouth, odour, metallic taste and ulcers

Question 13

What can HIV cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 13

Unexplained sore(s), yeast infections (thrush), non-removable white patches

Question 14

What can heart disease cause in the oral cavity?

Answer 14

Pain radiating to the jaw caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle

Question 15

What is peritonitis linked with?

Answer 15

diabetes, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis and alzheimers

Question 16

What is surgical sieve?

Answer 16

refers to a differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features.

Question 17

What is VITAMIN CDEF

Answer 17

V: vascular
I: infective
T: traumatic
A: autoimmune
M: metabolic
I: iatrogenic
N: neoplastic
C: congenital
D: degenerative
E: endocrine
F: functional

Question 18

What are the organs of the immune system?

Answer 18

thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

Question 19

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 19

thymus

Question 20

Where are immune cells produced?

Answer 20

bone marrow

Question 21

Where are immune cells stored?

Answer 21

spleen, lymph nodes

Question 22

What does the lymphatic system do?

Answer 22

Transport clean fluids back to the blood
Drains excess fluids from tissues
Removes “debris” from cells of body
Transports fats from digestive system

Question 23

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 23

Innate immunity is the first line of (non-specific) defense whilst adaptive immunity is specific and acquired

Question 24

What components does immunity have?

Answer 24

cellular
humoral

Question 25

Describe innate immunity

Answer 25

1-3 DAYS
Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

Question 26

Describe adaptive immunity

Answer 26

4-10 DAYS
Repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response

Question 27

What is inflammation?

Answer 27

immune reaction aimed at eliminating inciting cause e.g., foreign agents

Question 28

What can cause inflammation?

Answer 28

invading micro-organisms
particulate materials (e.g. dust, joint prostheses e.g., denture material)
altered self cells
transformed malignant cells (cancer)

Question 29

What are the stages of inflammation?

Answer 29

Initiation – response to harmful agents
Progression – containment of harmful agents
Amplification – modulation of immune response
Resolution – healing (acute inflammation)
Failure to resolve (chronic inflammation)

Question 30

What disease causes acute inflammation?

Answer 30

gingivitis

Question 31

What disease causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 31

periodontitis

Question 32

What can an immune over-reaction cause?

Answer 32

internally = autoimmune disease
externally = allergic reaction

Question 33

What can an immune under-reaction cause?

Answer 33

internally = cancer
externally = infection

Question 34

What are commensal organisms?

Answer 34

type of microbes that reside on either surface of the body or at mucosa without harming human health

Question 35

Why does chronic inflammation occur?

Answer 35

unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage.
Inappropriate immune response can cause pathologies.

Question 36

Where does lymph drain?

Answer 36

into bloodstream via subclavian veins

Question 37

What are the primary lymphoid organs (lymphocyte production, maturation and selection)?

Answer 37

thymus, bone marrow

Question 38

What are the secondary lymphoid organs (encounter with pathogens)?

Answer 38

spleen, lymph nodes