Intro to Pathology Flashcards
Define aetiology
The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
Define morphology
The phenotypic changes associated with a disease
Define pathogenesis
Progressive changes as disease develops
Define sequalae
What happens as a consequence of the disease – can it resolve itself etc or does it require treatment?
What is orofacial granulomatosis?
swelling in the lips, face or areas within the mouth – characteristics by small collections of inflammatory cells within a granuloma
What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of dental caries?
Aetiology – bacterial origin
Morphology – tooth decay
Pathogenesis – fermentation of sugars
Sequelae – fluoride treatments, removal of infected tissue, fillings/crowns if necessary, provide patient advice.
What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of periodontitis?
Aetiology – bacterial origin (plaque)
Morphology – gingival tissue inflammation
Pathogenesis – bacterial protease activity, elevated pro-inflammatory response etc
Sequelae – physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue
What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of oral cancer?
Aetiology – excessive alcohol/tobacco consumption (increased susceptibility)
Morphology – carcinoma formation
Pathogenesis – hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma formation
Sequelae – surgery, radiotherapy – remission possible
What can anaemia cause in the oral cavity?
Burning, red tongue, inflammation of gum tissues
What can diabetes cause in the oral cavity?
Dry mouth, bad breath, burning tongue, inflammation and tooth decay
What can anorexia nervosa and bulimia cause in the oral cavity?
Erosion of tooth enamel, fillings raised above the eroded tooth surfaces, sensitive teeth, enlargement of the parotid glands and sweet breath aroma
What can kidney failure cause in the oral cavity?
Retarded tooth development in children, dry mouth, odour, metallic taste and ulcers
What can HIV cause in the oral cavity?
Unexplained sore(s), yeast infections (thrush), non-removable white patches
What can heart disease cause in the oral cavity?
Pain radiating to the jaw caused by insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle
What is peritonitis linked with?
diabetes, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis and alzheimers
What is surgical sieve?
refers to a differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features.
What is VITAMIN CDEF
V: vascular
I: infective
T: traumatic
A: autoimmune
M: metabolic
I: iatrogenic
N: neoplastic
C: congenital
D: degenerative
E: endocrine
F: functional
What are the organs of the immune system?
thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
Where do T cells mature?
thymus
Where are immune cells produced?
bone marrow
Where are immune cells stored?
spleen, lymph nodes
What does the lymphatic system do?
Transport clean fluids back to the blood
Drains excess fluids from tissues
Removes “debris” from cells of body
Transports fats from digestive system
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is the first line of (non-specific) defense whilst adaptive immunity is specific and acquired
What components does immunity have?
cellular
humoral
Describe innate immunity
1-3 DAYS
Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease
Describe adaptive immunity
4-10 DAYS
Repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific response
What is inflammation?
immune reaction aimed at eliminating inciting cause e.g., foreign agents
What can cause inflammation?
invading micro-organisms
particulate materials (e.g. dust, joint prostheses e.g., denture material)
altered self cells
transformed malignant cells (cancer)
What are the stages of inflammation?
Initiation – response to harmful agents
Progression – containment of harmful agents
Amplification – modulation of immune response
Resolution – healing (acute inflammation)
Failure to resolve (chronic inflammation)
What disease causes acute inflammation?
gingivitis
What disease causes chronic inflammation?
periodontitis
What can an immune over-reaction cause?
internally = autoimmune disease
externally = allergic reaction
What can an immune under-reaction cause?
internally = cancer
externally = infection
What are commensal organisms?
type of microbes that reside on either surface of the body or at mucosa without harming human health
Why does chronic inflammation occur?
unresolved, failures in control mechanisms, self-damage.
Inappropriate immune response can cause pathologies.
Where does lymph drain?
into bloodstream via subclavian veins
What are the primary lymphoid organs (lymphocyte production, maturation and selection)?
thymus, bone marrow
What are the secondary lymphoid organs (encounter with pathogens)?
spleen, lymph nodes
