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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Adaptive Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cellular and humoral components of adaptive immunity?

A

T cells - cellular
B cells - humoral

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2
Q

When is the adaptive immunity activated?

A

after 4-7 days

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3
Q

What does the threshold level mean?

A

the amount of pathogen present to mediate an immune response

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4
Q

What are the the 3 main receptors of the adaptive immune response?

A

T cell receptor
B cell receptor
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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5
Q

What is the difference between the innate receptors (TLR) and adaptive receptors?

A

innate receptors cannot change shape to identify different antigens

adaptive receptors can rearrange structure depending to gene expression of each protein subunit.

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6
Q

How do T cells recognise peptides?

A

via TCR and MHC interations

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7
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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8
Q

What does Tregs balance?

A

pro- and anti- inflammatory responses
they dampen down immune responses

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9
Q

What are the subsets of T cells?

A

CD4+
CD8+
Tregs

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10
Q

What is the receptor for CD8+ and what does it bind to?

A

CD8
MHC 1

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11
Q

What is the role of MHC 1?

A

alerting the immune system to virally infected cells.

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12
Q

What is the receptor for CD4+ and what does it bind to?

A

CD4
MHC 2

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13
Q

What is the role of MHC 2?

A

for APCs presenting antigens from microbes such as bacteria, fungi etc.

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14
Q

What is the receptor involved in the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+?

A

CD3

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15
Q

What are the two classes of T cell receptor?

A

Alpha
Beta

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16
Q

What classes of T cell receptor do a small portion (around 5%) of T cells express?

A

Gamma
Delta

17
Q

What are the two regions of the chains?

A

Constant
Variable (changing)

18
Q

What are the 3 gene segments of the variable region and what do they encode?

A

V (variable) (both α and β chains)
D (diversity) (β chain only)
J (joining) (both α and β chains)

19
Q

By what process are genes rearranged to identify new pathogens?

A

somatic recombination

20
Q

What is somatic recombination driven by?

A

RAG (recombinase enzymes)

21
Q

What do T cells interact with in the thymus?

A

pass by thymic cortical epithelial cells and interact

22
Q

Describe the two processes of thymic education

A

Positive selection - if cells cannot recognise self-peptides, they die. if they do they move to negative selection

Negative selection - if cells bind too strongly to self-peptides, they die

23
Q

Where do T cells immigrate to after education?

A

circulating blood
lymph nodes
lymphatics

24
Q

What do the three signals do to the T cell?

A

signal one = activation of T cell
signal two = survival and clonal expansion of T cell
signal three = differentiation into subsets of effector T cells (specifically for CD4+ helper T cells)

25
Q

What are the three signals that prime T cells?

A

1’ MHC-TCR interaction
2’ co-stimulatory molecules interactions (CD80/CD86 and CD40 on DC —- CD40L and CD28 on T cell)
3’ signal dictates what T helper cell the naïve cell becomes.

26
Q

What is signal 1 but no signal 2 known as?

A

anergy

27
Q

What does the third signal lead to in CD8+ cells?

A

the third signal leads to effector function e.g., production of enzymes for degradation

28
Q

What enzymes induce target cell apoptosis?

A

perforin
granzyme

29
Q

What does interferon-γ do?

A

instructs immune cells such as macrophages and cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected cells.

30
Q

What is the role of TH1 cells?

A

Main role in supporting macrophage function
Source of interferon-γ

31
Q

What is the role of TH2?

A

Supporting plasma B cell responses and allergic reactions - activates mast cells and eosinophils

Source of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6

32
Q

What do IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 do?

A

instructs B cells to produce antibodies

33
Q

What is the role of TH17?

A

Main role in supporting innate immune responses

Enhances clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi

Produces IL-17 and IL-22

34
Q

What does interleukin-17 do?

A

stimulate epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides

35
Q

What is the role of TFH?

A

T follicular helper cells are found in secondary lymphoid organs in B cell zone (not T cell zone)

Work together with B cells for antibody production

Produces IL-21

36
Q

What does interleukin-21 do?

A

drives B cell proliferation

37
Q

What is the role of Treg cells?

A

Regulatory T cells that function in immune suppression

Release inhibitory cytokines IL-10

Inhibit T cell activation and dendritic cell activation

38
Q

What is the role of CD8+ cells?

A

Activation arises from interactions between MHCI and TCR

Induce host cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Produces enzymes such as granzyme/perforin

39
Q

What does loss of TFH cells mean?

A

loss of T follicular helper cells leads to dysfunctional antibody production in germinal centre of lymph nodes

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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