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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Adaptive Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do B cells circulate and where are they found in large amounts

A

circulate in blood and lymph
found in lymphoid organs

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3
Q

How do B cells identify antigens?

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

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4
Q

What are BCRs usually?

A

antibodies
IgM and IgD

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5
Q

What quality in BCR allows identification of multiple antigens?

A

diversity

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6
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA

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7
Q

What is the most prominent antibody in the body, where is it found and what is its role?

A

IgG
blood and bodily fluids
responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins
IgG triggers phagocytosis to initiate opsonization reaction (complement cascade)

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8
Q

What is the role of IgE?

A

attaches to mast cells and basophils causing them to release histamine

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9
Q

What is the role of IgD?

A

on the surface of B cells where it binds to antigens

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10
Q

What is the role of IgM?

A

capable of binding multiple antigens
first class of antibody secreted after antigen is encountered
primary barrier against pathogens
declines as IgG accelerates

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11
Q

What is the role of IgA and where is it found?

A

attack pathogens before they enter internal tissues
found in secretions of saliva, sweat, mucus, urinary tract, semen, digestive tract

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12
Q

What differs in B cell receptor structure to T cells?

A

B cell receptors do not have alpha and beta chains
instead light and heavy chains

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13
Q

What is each developmental B cell stage defined by?

A

rearrangement of light and heavy chains

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14
Q

What genes does heavy chain rearrange?

A

Variable
Diversity
Joining

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15
Q

What genes does light chain rearrange?

A

Variable
Joining

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16
Q

What is the usual receptor for immature B cells?

A

IgM

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17
Q

What are the receptors for mature B cells?

A

IgM
IgD

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18
Q

What do B cells undergo before release?

A

negative selection in bone marrow

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19
Q

What will happen to B cells which do not pass negative selection?

A

engulfed by macrophages

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20
Q

What are the 3 main functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralisation
Opsonization
Initiation of complement

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21
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

attach to toxins or viruses and then inactivate them

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22
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

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23
Q

What are the processes that opsonisation can trigger?

A

Phagocytosis
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Mast cell degranulation

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24
Q

What complement pathway are antibodies able to activate?

25
What is ADCC?
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity target cell or microbe is coated with antibodies and killed by certain types of white blood cells (NK cell).
26
What antibodies initiate complement?
IgG and IgM
27
How can B cells be activated and where?
Antigens which require T cell help are called Thymus-dependent antigens Antigens which don’t are called Thymus-independent antigens lymph nodes
28
Where is a 2nd signal required for activation and what is it?
A 2nd signal required in (dependant antigen) is the co-stimulatory molecules on T helper cells and cytokines
29
What are the receptors that bind between T cells and BCR that activate it?
CD40 to CD40L
30
Describe B cell activation (dependant)
(1) the engagement of the T cell receptor with the MHC molecule on the surface of B cells that is presenting the pathogen antigen, and (2) co-stimulatory signals provided by CD40 ligand on the surface of the T cells and CD40L receptor on the surface of the B cells. IL 4,5,6 help proliferate plasma Generates a pool of plasma cells which produce antibody Also generates memory B cells Plasma cells initially produce IgM before undergoing ‘class switching’ to IgG
31
Describe B cell activation (independant)
Certain antigens such as bacterial LPS can activate B cells directly Cells differentiate into plasma cell and produce IgM however antibody response is weaker than T cell dependent B cell activation Thymus independent B cell activation does not lead to the generation of memory B cells (no long-term immunity)
32
Why does class switching occur?
IgM response too weak therefore cells switch to IgG
33
What increases through increased exposure?
antigen affinity in antibody
34
What is avidity?
ability of antibodies to form complexes
35
What is valency?
amount of antigen binding sites
36
What antibodies have high affinity but low avidity?
IgG, IgA and IgE has high affinity but low avidity
37
What antibody has high avidity but low affinity?
IgM
38
What are all antibodies?
multivalent
39
What is the valency of IgM?
decavalent
40
What is the valency of IgA?
bivalent
41
What antibody forms dimers after secretions?
IgA
42
What are subgroups of IgG?
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
43
What is IgE involved in?
allergy
44
What does antigen exposure lead to?
immunological memory
45
What is the basic principle of vaccination?
cells that are primed to produce a more effective IgG (rather than IgM) response immediately as the secondary response is much more specific
46
What is immune tolerance?
Sometimes the immune system can become unresponsive to a particular antigen or set of antigens
47
Where does immune tolerance occur?
in B and T cells
48
What are the 2 types of immune tolerance and where do they occur?
Central – in the primary lymphoid organs (the thymus and bone-marrow) Peripheral – occurs out with thymus and bone marrow
49
What are immunogens and what are tolerogens?
Immunogens are antigens that elicit immune responses Tolerogens are antigens induce a unresponsive state
50
What are the two types of selection for T cells?
negative positive
51
What is selection in thymus and bone marrow an example of?
central tolerance
52
What prevents activation of non-eliminated self-reactive T cells?
peripheral tolerance
53
What is anergy
no response to antigens
54
In peripheral tolerance what does signal 1 but not signal 2 result in?
anergy.
55
In peripheral tolerance what does signal 1 and signal 2 but no signal 3 result in?
deletion by apoptosis
56
Where does peripheral tolerance occur?
secondary lymphoid organs
57
What happens to self-reactive B cells?
self reactive B cells do not receive T cell help and therefore become anergic
58
What can breach of tolerance cause?
auto immune or allergy
59
T cell and B cell interactions occur in the _____ of the lymph node.
germinal centre

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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