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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Innate Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

first line of defence (non specific). it is fast

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2
Q

When does immediate innate immunity response occur?

A

0-4 hours

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3
Q

When does early innate immunity response occur?

A

4-96 hours

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4
Q

When does adaptive immunity response occur?

A

> 96 hours

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5
Q

What are the 5 groups that can cause diseases?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths (worms)

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity response?

A

No-memory or lasting protective immunity
Present from birth
Effective: regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease
Responses are broad spectrum: non-specific

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of innate immunity?

A

Epithelium (physical barrier)
Innate cell subsets & complement
Chemokines/Cytokines

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8
Q

What does epithelium produce?

A

Produces antimicrobial peptides
Produces cytokines/chemokines

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9
Q

What are the cell subsets and complements?

A

Phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
Antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

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10
Q

What do chemokine and cytokines do?

A

Chemokine – Cell recruitment
Cytokine – Cell activation/proliferation

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11
Q

What are the non-professional immune cells?

A

epithelial cells
endothelial cells
fibroblasts

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12
Q

What are the compounds present in the oral cavity?

A

Antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobulins (secretory IgA)
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Cystatins

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13
Q

What are the major families of antimicrobial peptides?

A

β-defensins
Human Neutrophil Peptides (HNPs)
Cathelicidins (e.g., LL-37)
Psoriasin proteins (S100 family)

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14
Q

What are the main functions of AMPs?

A

Kill microbes

Modulate immune response –
neutralize microbial virulence factors by activating immunocytes,
neutralising bacterial products,
enhancing nucleic acid recognition to promote auto-inflammation

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15
Q

Where is secretary IgA produced?

A

Produced at mucosal surfaces

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16
Q

What form does SIgA have and why is it useful?

A

Dimeric form allows attachment to multiple microbes

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17
Q

What is the function of SIgA?

A

Binds to flagella and can prevent motility (microorganisms)

Binds to and neutralizes bacterial toxins (microorganisms)

Cross links target macromolecules and bacteria therefore trapping them and preventing effects on mucosa

Prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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18
Q

What is lactoferrin, where is it and what does it do?

A

Glycoprotein that transports ions
Present in saliva and produced by neutrophils/macrophages
Prevents microbes using iron to grow

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19
Q

What does lysozyme do and where is it present?

A

Present in saliva and produced by macrophages/neutrophils. Targets cell walls of bacteria.

Lyzozyme implants in the cell wall cleaving part of peptidoglycan which makes up the cell wall.

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20
Q

What do cystatins do?

A

Anti-protease activity and supports re-mineralization of the teeth
bind to hydroxyapatite on tooth surface aiding mineralization

21
Q

What antimicrobial peptides are most effective?

A

SIgA

22
Q

What do immune cells have for antigens?

A

receptors

23
Q

Where are the toxins and virulence factors in a microbe?

A

in the antigen

24
Q

What do different receptors detect?

A

different antigens from different pathogens

25
Q

What are the receptors generally?

A

proteins but can be sugars

26
Q

What are the main receptors called?

A

toll-like receptors

27
Q

What are the main toll-like receptors expressed in periodontal disease?

A

TLR2 and TLR4

28
Q

What are the other receptors present and what do they recognise?

A

Dectin and glucan receptors – Fungal recognition

NOD-like receptors – Bacterial recognition

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) - Microbial and allergen recognition

29
Q

What is an example of a PAMP (pathogen associated molecular pattern)?

A

LPS

30
Q

What do these receptors promote?

A

Promote phagocytosis of microbes
Promote activation of immune cells

31
Q

What happens when the receptor attaches to LPS?

A

results in signaling cascades in host cell that tells the cell what to do (e.g., produce cytokines, chemokines to attract and tell other cells they need help)

32
Q

What do cytokines do and why are they important?

A

cytokines instruct the target cell “what to do” – important in differentiation of naïve T cells into different T helper subsets

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small proteins that are signalling molecules that coordinate the cell what to do

34
Q

What are the main families of cytokines?

A

Interleukin family (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 etc)
TNF family (e.g. TNF-α)
Interferons (e.g., IFN-γ)
“unassigned” (e.g., TGF-β)

35
Q

What are the types of cytokines according to function?

A

Autocrine – alter behavior of cell from which they were secreted e.g., self-regulating

Paracrine – alter behavior of neighboring cells

Endocrine – enter circulation and alter behavior of distant cells

36
Q

What is present on target cells?

A

cytokine receptors

37
Q

What happens when cytokines attach to the receptors?

A

Signal transduction leads to the activation of transcription factors that leads to control of gene regulation e.g., inducing expression of a certain gene that encodes a certain protein

38
Q

What proteins can the transduction produce?

A

antimicrobial
growth factors (tissue remodelling)
receptors (differentiation/ proliferation)
cytokines and chemokines

39
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance (e.g., chemokines)

40
Q

What are chemokines?

A

small signalling proteins

41
Q

Whats the difference between chemokines and cytokines?

A

Chemokines tell cells where to go, cytokines tell cells what to do

42
Q

What are the classes of chemokines based on?

A

the spacing of their first 2 cysteine residues

43
Q

What are the classes of chemokines and how many members do they have?

A

C chemokines (2 members)
CC chemokines (31 members)
CXC chemokines (18 members)
CX3C chemokines (1 member)

44
Q

Where are chemokine receptors present?

A

a range of innate and adaptive immune cells

45
Q

What is the main chemokine found to play a role in oral mucosa?

A

CXCL8
IL-8

46
Q

What is the main role of IL-8?

A

mobilises, activates and degranulates neutrophils
angiogenesis

47
Q

What is the homeostasis of the immune reaction dictated by?

A

cytokine responses

48
Q

What can cytokine responses be?

A

Some are pro-inflammatory others are anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory cell subsets can include T regulatory cells)

49
Q

What are the variety of receptors that recognise ‘unique’ features of microbes known as?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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