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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Defence Cells > Flashcards

Defence Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells of myeloid (innate) origin?

A

neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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2
Q

What is myeloid?

A

Having to do with or resembling the bone marrow.

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3
Q

What is lymphoid?

A

originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow, but they mature in the lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and lymph nodes.

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4
Q

What are cells of myeloid or lymphoid (innate) origin?

A

dendritic cells,

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5
Q

What are cells of lymphoid (adaptive) origin?

A

T cells
B cells

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6
Q

Where do nearly all innate and adaptive cells originate from?

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

5 years after periodontal treatment, what % of patients regress to pre-treatment periodontitis?

A

45%

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8
Q

What does build up of dental plaque cause?

A

microbial dysbiosis

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9
Q

Does removal of plaque lead to resolution?

A

not always

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10
Q

What are the precursors of macrophages?

A

monocytes

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11
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages

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12
Q

What is the location and characteristics of monocytes/macrophages?

A

stored in spleen, migrates through blood
early responders to infection or tissue damage
long-lived with multiple functions
phagocytose and present antigen

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13
Q

What type of cell are mast cells?

A

granulocytes

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of mast cells?

A

early responders to infection or tissue damage
migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors not well defined)
protect against pathogens (particularly parasitic worms)
best known for role in allergy (release histamine)

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15
Q

What can loss of mast cells in the gingivae lead to?

A

enhanced PD progression

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16
Q

What type of cells are neutrophils?

A

granulocytes

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17
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic granulocytes
Most numerous/important cells in innate immune responses
Circulate in blood and move into tissue when required
Contain numerous granules (intracellular vesicles)
Have NETS (neutrophils extracellular traps)

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18
Q

Where are neutrophils found in the oral cavity?

A

neutrophils are mainly found in the junctional epithelium and in the gingival crevicular fluids

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19
Q

What are characteristics of basophils and eosinophils?

A

Granulocytes
Less abundant than neutrophils
Contain granules – degradative enzymes and antimicrobials
Eosinophils play a major role in defence against parasites as larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats
Both also contribute to allergy (basophils produce histamine)

20
Q

What is the main aim of dendritic cells?

A

to orchestrate the adaptive immune response – induce immune memory for adaptive immune cells (B cells/ T cells) to recognise microbial antigens

21
Q

What is the linage of dendritic cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid lineage

22
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A

Degrade pathogens but major function is not clearance but to present antigen (antigen presenting cell [APC]) to T cells (sometimes directly to B cells)

23
Q

Describe memory generation in DCs

A

Immature dendritic cells take up and process antigen in the epidermis
Once taken up antigen they migrate to lymph nodes and differentiate along the way
Mature dendritic cells have co-stimulatory activity and can prime naïve T cells
They can also transfer antigen to other dendritic cells resident in the lymph node

24
Q

What are the characteristics of NK cells?

A

Considered part of innate immunity (unlike other lymphoid cells)
Large cells with granules
Recognize and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells via cytotoxic lytic granules
Important for ‘holding back’ virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

25
Q

What are the characteristics of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?

A

Non-cytotoxic members of NK cell family
Innate immune cell of lymphoid origin (not myeloid)
Link innate and adaptive immune immunity
Three main subsets (ILC1s, ILC2s and ILC3s)
Produce effectors (cytokines) similar to T cell subsets

26
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

27
Q

What is the main function of T cells?

A

cellular immunity

28
Q

How do T cells recognise peptides?

A

Recognize peptides presented by APCs through the T Cell Receptor (TCR)

29
Q

Where are T cells found mostly?

A

lymphoid organs

30
Q

T cells can respond to numerous antigens, what is this called?

A

T cell repertoire

31
Q

What prevents T cells recognising self peptides?

A

Checkpoints in place in Thymus (Thymic education) to prevent T cells responding to themselves

32
Q

What do the 3 T cell types start off as?

A

All T cells start as a naïve cell and have receptor for very specific proteins (e.g., antigens via DC presentation)

33
Q

What are the 3 T cell types and what is their function?

A

T helper cells (CD4+) function to help support other cells by secreting cytokines and activating B cells

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually virus-related)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

34
Q

What enzymes do CD8+ cells produce?

A

perforins
granzymes

35
Q

What are the subsets of CD4+ cells and what do they do?

A

TH1 – support macrophage to destroy microbes
TH2 – allergic responses/plasma cell generation (IgE), produce cytokines which recruit and activate mast cells, eosinophils
TH17 – fungi/ extracellular bacteria secrete IL-17, IL-22 cytokines that promotes release of cytokines and chemokines from non professional Immune cells (epithelial cells)
TFH – found predominantly in lymph nodes and important for B cell antibody generation
Tregs – control/dampen the immune response

36
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

antibodies

37
Q

What are the two main types of B cells?

A

memory and plasma

38
Q

What leads to a generation of two subsets of B cells?

A

clonal expansion

39
Q

What is the function of plasma B cells?

A

antibody factory

40
Q

What is the function of memory B cells?

A

set out a quicker antibody reaction to infections

41
Q

Apart from the two main types of B cells, what else can B cells do?

A

B cells also have the potential to take up and present antigen – leading to T cell activation

42
Q

What are cells of myeloid or lymphoid (innate) cells?

A

dendritic, NK C, ILCs

43
Q

How do dendritic cells attach to antigens?

A

Toll like receptors

44
Q

What are the 3 signals required for naive T cell determination?

A

1’ MHC-TCR interaction

2’ co-stimulatory molecules interactions (CD80/CD86 and CD40 on Dendritic cells C —- CD40L and CD28 on T cell)

3’ signal dictates what T helper cell the naïve cell becomes. mediated by cytokine (IL2)

45
Q

What molecules do B cells also have?

A

they also have the same co-stimulatory molecules that professional antigen presenting cells have

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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