Growth Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are disorders of too little growth?

A

agenesis (aplasia)
atresia
hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is agenesis?

A

failure of development of a organ or a structure within an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is atresia?

A

failure of development of a lumen in a tubular epithelial structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

less tissue formed, normal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are disorders of too much growth? (hamartoma disorders)

A

pigmented naevi (moles)
haemangioma
lymphangioma
odantoma (dental hard tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When do hamartoma disorders occur in a person’s life?

A

only during growth period but excessively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is haemangioma?

A

excessive growth of blood vessels - usually present at birth mostly in the head and neck area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What syndrome is haemangioma a part of?

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can haemangioma present as?

A

Capillary – made up of tiny capillaries

Cavernous – large blood filled spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is lymphangioma?

A

excessive growth of lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does lymphangioma mostly present as?

A

Cavernous - large lymph fluid filled spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the commonest area for lymphangioma to occur?

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is lymphangioma from birth called?

A

cystic hygroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is naevus?

A

a mole
large amount of melanocytes present in the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ectopia?

A

normal tissue in abnormal location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of ectopia and what tissue are they?

A

Mickel’s diverticulum, an outpouching of the small intestine.
Gastric type tissue in SI

Fertilised egg in Fallopian tube instead of uterus

Teeth in palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are acquired growth disorders?

A

adaptation of cells to environmental stress - not always reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of acquired growth disorders?

A

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is atrophy?

A

reduction in size and number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of physiological atrophy?

A

ageing under hormonal influence (menopause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cellular atrophy?

A

reduction of organelles of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is organ atrophy?

A

cell loss is larger than cell production - may be caused by apoptosis

23
Q

What are reasons localised atrophy may happen?

A
  • ischaemic
  • pressure (tumours)
  • disuse/ denervation (immobile for long period)
  • autoimmune
  • idiopathic
24
Q

What are reasons generalised atrophy may happen?

A
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • senile (ageing - cell loss ^)
  • endocrine
25
What happens in mandible atrophy?
mental foramen and mental nerve get closer to alveolar ridge as mandible recedes
26
Why can osteoporosis occur?
menopause, ageing, physical activity, corticosteroids
27
What effect does oestrogen have on osteoclasts?
inhibits effect
28
What happens to oestrogen after menopause?
decreases therefore increased oestoclast activity
29
What is hyperplasia?
increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function
30
What cell types can become hyper-plastic?
labile and stable
31
What can cause gingival hyperplasia?
medications (anti-epileptic) in combination with poor oral hygiene
32
What cell is proliferated in gingival hyperplasia?
fibroblasts
33
What are causes of pathologic hyperplasia and what are examples of each?
- endocrine (hormonal) stimulation by hormone producing organs hyperplasia of target organs - benign prostatic hyperplasia - chronic injury and inflammation stimulated by inflammatory cytokine - growth factors hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue - HPV can induce hyperplasia of epithelium
34
What is controlled hyperplasia?
regresses when stimulus is removed
35
By which mechanisms can hyperplasia occur?
* Growth factor-driven proliferation of cells * Increased output of cells from stem cells.
36
What is an example of beneficial hyperplasia?
liver regeneration
37
What is hypertrophy?
increased cell size due to intracellular components
38
What does hypertrophy often occur with?
hyperplasia
39
Where is pure hypertrophy seen?
in cells with poor division (mitotic) ability muscle
40
When is muscle hypertrophy pathologic and when is it physiological?
* skeletal–exercise (physiologic-increased function) * smooth–pregnancy (physiologic-hormones) * cardiac – LVH in hypertension (pathologic)
41
In ventricular hypertrophy, what does the increased workload of BP cause?
increased number myofilaments in a myocyte
42
When cell death occurs in cardiac muscle what does this cause?
infarction
43
What causes goitre? (hypertrophy of the thyroid gland)
iodine deficiency
44
What does iodine deficiency cause and why does this cause hypertrophy?
decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone compensatory increase in thyroid stimulating hormone thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together
45
What is metaplasia?
change from one type of tissue to another (e.g. squamous > columnar)
46
Why does metaplasia occur?
adaptive to changes in environmental demands (e.g. trauma)
47
What are the common epithelium changes that occur?
changes to squamous as withholds more trauma and mucous
48
What are the mesenchymal changes that can occur?
osseous (calcification)
49
What are examples of metaplasia?
* in smokers : ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous (squamous metaplasia) * Barrett’s oesophagus : squamous to columnar (columnar metaplasia)
50
What is dysplasia?
disordered growth that has potential for malignant change
51
Where is dysplasia mostly seen?
epithelia
52
What is neoplasia?
an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth uncoordinated with that of normal tissues persists after the provoking stimulus is removed
53
What does neoplasia include?
benign and malignant tumours