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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Growth Disorders > Flashcards

Growth Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are disorders of too little growth?

A

agenesis (aplasia)
atresia
hypoplasia

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2
Q

What is agenesis?

A

failure of development of a organ or a structure within an organ

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3
Q

What is atresia?

A

failure of development of a lumen in a tubular epithelial structure

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4
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

less tissue formed, normal structure

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5
Q

What are disorders of too much growth? (hamartoma disorders)

A

pigmented naevi (moles)
haemangioma
lymphangioma
odantoma (dental hard tissues)

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6
Q

When do hamartoma disorders occur in a person’s life?

A

only during growth period but excessively

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7
Q

What is haemangioma?

A

excessive growth of blood vessels - usually present at birth mostly in the head and neck area

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8
Q

What syndrome is haemangioma a part of?

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

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9
Q

What can haemangioma present as?

A

Capillary – made up of tiny capillaries

Cavernous – large blood filled spaces

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10
Q

What is lymphangioma?

A

excessive growth of lymph vessels

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11
Q

What does lymphangioma mostly present as?

A

Cavernous - large lymph fluid filled spaces

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12
Q

What is the commonest area for lymphangioma to occur?

A

tongue

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13
Q

What is lymphangioma from birth called?

A

cystic hygroma

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14
Q

What is naevus?

A

a mole
large amount of melanocytes present in the dermis

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15
Q

What is ectopia?

A

normal tissue in abnormal location

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16
Q

What are examples of ectopia and what tissue are they?

A

Mickel’s diverticulum, an outpouching of the small intestine.
Gastric type tissue in SI

Fertilised egg in Fallopian tube instead of uterus

Teeth in palate

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17
Q

What are acquired growth disorders?

A

adaptation of cells to environmental stress - not always reversible

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18
Q

What are examples of acquired growth disorders?

A

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

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19
Q

What is atrophy?

A

reduction in size and number of cells

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20
Q

What is an example of physiological atrophy?

A

ageing under hormonal influence (menopause)

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21
Q

What is cellular atrophy?

A

reduction of organelles of a cell

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22
Q

What is organ atrophy?

A

cell loss is larger than cell production - may be caused by apoptosis

23
Q

What are reasons localised atrophy may happen?

A
  • ischaemic
  • pressure (tumours)
  • disuse/ denervation (immobile for long period)
  • autoimmune
  • idiopathic
24
Q

What are reasons generalised atrophy may happen?

A
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • senile (ageing - cell loss ^)
  • endocrine
25
Q

What happens in mandible atrophy?

A

mental foramen and mental nerve get closer to alveolar ridge as mandible recedes

26
Q

Why can osteoporosis occur?

A

menopause, ageing, physical activity, corticosteroids

27
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on osteoclasts?

A

inhibits effect

28
Q

What happens to oestrogen after menopause?

A

decreases therefore increased oestoclast activity

29
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function

30
Q

What cell types can become hyper-plastic?

A

labile and stable

31
Q

What can cause gingival hyperplasia?

A

medications (anti-epileptic) in combination with poor oral hygiene

32
Q

What cell is proliferated in gingival hyperplasia?

A

fibroblasts

33
Q

What are causes of pathologic hyperplasia and what are examples of each?

A
  • endocrine (hormonal) stimulation by hormone producing organs hyperplasia of target organs - benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • chronic injury and inflammation
    stimulated by inflammatory cytokine
  • growth factors hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
  • HPV can induce hyperplasia of epithelium
34
Q

What is controlled hyperplasia?

A

regresses when stimulus is removed

35
Q

By which mechanisms can hyperplasia occur?

A
  • Growth factor-driven proliferation of cells
  • Increased output of cells from stem cells.
36
Q

What is an example of beneficial hyperplasia?

A

liver regeneration

37
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increased cell size due to intracellular components

38
Q

What does hypertrophy often occur with?

A

hyperplasia

39
Q

Where is pure hypertrophy seen?

A

in cells with poor division (mitotic) ability

muscle

40
Q

When is muscle hypertrophy pathologic and when is it physiological?

A
  • skeletal–exercise (physiologic-increased function)
  • smooth–pregnancy (physiologic-hormones)
  • cardiac – LVH in hypertension (pathologic)
41
Q

In ventricular hypertrophy, what does the increased workload of BP cause?

A

increased number myofilaments in a myocyte

42
Q

When cell death occurs in cardiac muscle what does this cause?

A

infarction

43
Q

What causes goitre? (hypertrophy of the thyroid gland)

A

iodine deficiency

44
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause and why does this cause hypertrophy?

A

decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone

compensatory increase in thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together

45
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

change from one type of tissue to another (e.g. squamous > columnar)

46
Q

Why does metaplasia occur?

A

adaptive to changes in environmental demands (e.g. trauma)

47
Q

What are the common epithelium changes that occur?

A

changes to squamous as withholds more trauma
and mucous

48
Q

What are the mesenchymal changes that can occur?

A

osseous (calcification)

49
Q

What are examples of metaplasia?

A
  • in smokers : ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous (squamous metaplasia)
  • Barrett’s oesophagus : squamous to columnar (columnar metaplasia)
50
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

disordered growth that has potential for malignant change

51
Q

Where is dysplasia mostly seen?

A

epithelia

52
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth

uncoordinated with that of normal tissues

persists after the provoking stimulus is removed

53
Q

What does neoplasia include?

A

benign and malignant tumours

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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