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Organic chem > intro to organic chem > Flashcards

intro to organic chem Flashcards

1
Q

organic compounds

A

carbon atoms with at least one covalent bond with other atoms

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2
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecule with only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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3
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

only single carbon carbon bonds
have most amount of hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

at least one double or triple bond

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5
Q

simplest type of hydrocarbon

A

an alkane

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6
Q

2 types of alkanes

A

linear and branched

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7
Q

what type of hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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8
Q

what structure do cycloalkanes form

A

circle ring structure

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9
Q

molecular formula

A

gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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10
Q

displayed formula

A

each bond and element shown in molecule

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11
Q

structural formula

A

each group and part looked at and written in letter and number form

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12
Q

good about displayed formula

A

display every atom and bond in a molecule

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13
Q

bad about displayed formula

A

takes ages to draw
hard to interpret

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14
Q

skeletal formula

A

show arrangement of atoms and structure of molecule

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15
Q

skeletal formula for non hydrocarbon molecules

A

symbols for other atoms
H bonded to other atoms

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16
Q

how to draw branched chain molecule skeletal

A

add side chain carbon on top like plain line

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17
Q

steps of writing skeletal formula

A

write c-c bonds
atoms symbol of other ones
hydrogen bonds bonded to other
ass side chains

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18
Q

structural to skeletal

A

draw displayed then structural

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19
Q

skeletal to structural

A

skeletal to displayed to structural

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20
Q

skeletal to molecular

A

displayed to molecular to empirical if needed

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21
Q

naming alkanes

A

ending in ane

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22
Q

what does prefix tell in naming

A

how many carbons in the molecule eg eth

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23
Q

1 chain carbon prefix

A

meth

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24
Q

2 carbon chain prefix

A

eth

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25
Q

3 carbon chain prefix

A

prop

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26
Q

4 carbon chain prefix

A

but

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27
Q

5 carbon chain prefix

A

pent

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28
Q

6 carbon chain prefix

A

hex

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29
Q

pneumonic for prefix

A

monkeys eat proper bananas

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30
Q

naming chains in branched alkanes

A

suffix of chain for number of carbons

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31
Q

naming positions of side chains

A

number carbons and pt number of what carbon chain is on infront of written name

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32
Q

drawing molecules from IUCPAC name

A

draw longest carbon chain
check bonds if alkane or alkene
add other groups

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33
Q

naming cycloalkanes

A

name as normal and add cyclo in front

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34
Q

naming cycloalkanes with side chains

A

side chain first and then cyclo in front of longest chain name

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35
Q

alcohol group

A

OH

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36
Q

amine group

A

NH2

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37
Q

alkene group

A

double bond carbons

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38
Q

homologous series

A

group of compounds which are very similar

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39
Q

homologous series properties

A

same functional group different amount of saturated carbon atoms
same general formula

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40
Q

chemical reaction of homologous series

A

react in same way
chemically similar

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41
Q

unreactive homologous series

A

cycloalkanes
alkanes

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42
Q

physical properties of homologous series

A

gradual change as chain increases

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43
Q

general formula of cycloalkanes

A

CnH2n

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44
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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45
Q

alkene general formula

46
Q

alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1 OH

47
Q

amine general formula

A

CnH2n+1 NH2

48
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently

49
Q

strucyural isomerism

A

same molecular and different structural formula

50
Q

chain isomerism

A

2 structural isomers have different carbon chain

51
Q

position isomers

A

2 structural isomers have same type of functional group in different position to compound

52
Q

functional group isomers

A

same molecular formula but different types of functional groups

53
Q

combustion reaction

A

exothermic
reacts with oxygen to produce heat energy

54
Q

pollutants

A

carbon dioxide
water vapour

55
Q

possible products of incomplete combustion

A

water vapour
solid carbon
carbon monoxide

56
Q

carbon monoxide dangers

A

toxic
flammable

57
Q

what is soot

A

solid carbon from incomplete combustion

58
Q

smog

A

lots of soot in air

59
Q

effects of smog

A

reduce sun light
less plants grow

60
Q

why does complete combustion produce more energy

A

forming bonds exothermic

61
Q

product of sulfur being in combustion

A

sulfur dioxide

62
Q

products when nitrogen in combustion

A

nitrogen oxide

63
Q

product when silicon in combustion

A

sillicon dioxide

64
Q

organic compounds in fuel

A

less efficient as produces less heat energy then alkanes
remove them from fuel

65
Q

what are impurities

A

left over organic compounds in fuel

66
Q

problems of sulfur dioxide in air

A

harder to breath- asthma
respiratory issues
makes acid rain

67
Q

problems of acid rain

A

harms soil- harder for crops to grow
makes rivers acidic- kills animals

68
Q

how chemists get rid of sulfur dioxide

A

above power plants mesh coated with calcium oxide
makes solid harmless
acid plus base is salt
neutralisation reaction
large surface area of calcium oxide

69
Q

unburnt hydrocarbons

A

gases from incomplete combustion

70
Q

nitric oxide pollution

A

nitrogen inside engine combusts
respiratory
acid rain

71
Q

how does nitric acid produce acid rain

A

reacts with oxygen to make nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioxide reacts with water vapour in clouds to make nitric acid

72
Q

what do unburnt hydrocarbons produce

73
Q

reduce soot entering atmosphere

A

filter that catches carbon atoms before going out

74
Q

preventing unburnt hydrocarbons

A

gases come into contact with catalyst converts gas into another

75
Q

structure of catalytic catalyst

A

has metal catalyst of platinum or paladium or rhodium or irodium
large mesh large surface area
cheaper

76
Q

catalytic converters

A

catalyse reactiopns between undirny hydrocarbons to make carbon dioxide and water vapour

77
Q

how to prevent CO in atmpsphere

A

reaction with nitric oxide in catalytic converter

78
Q

reduce amount of unburned hydrocarbons in atmpsphere

A

combustion reaction in catalytic converter

79
Q

reduce amount of NO in air

A

reaction with carbon monoxide in catalytic converter

80
Q

how animals used for oil

A

made organic
have alkenes
can be used for oil form dead remains

81
Q

crude oil

A

with impurities outside from ground

82
Q

petroleum and petrol

A

petrol comes from crude oil and petroleum same as crude oil

83
Q

alkanes in oil

A

determines oils purposes
seperated form crude oil

84
Q

how are alkanes seperated

A

each fractions
by properties

85
Q

step of of FD

A

heat oil in furnace and turns oil into vapour

86
Q

what happens to vapour in FD

A

bottom hot and top cold
vapour goes into column
crude oil separated by boiling points
condensation

87
Q

how alkanes condense

A

larger down and smaller up

88
Q

outline process of fractional distilation

A

crude oil heated in furnace to make vapour
-vapour passes into column
-column has negative temp gradient
-larger molecules condense nearer bottom of column

89
Q

what has each fraction

A

similar alkanes with similar boiling points

90
Q

fraction 1

A

less than 70 carbons
bitumen
thick black taar
big alkanes
unreactive
roofing

91
Q

fraction 2

A

fuel oil
ships

92
Q

fraction 3

A

candels ‘lubricate
lubrocatinf oil

93
Q

fraction 4

A

diesel oil
cars

94
Q

fraction 5

A

kerosene
parrafin
volatile than diesel
used in lighting or jet fuel

95
Q

fraction 6

A

petrol
cars

96
Q

fraction 7

A

gases
fuel in gas form

97
Q

acronym for fractions

A

british
football
leagues
dont
kick
penalties
good

98
Q

usefulness of alkanes

A

shorter better than longer ones

99
Q

why shorter hydrocarbons more usefull

A

more flammable and burn easily
higher energy output when burned

100
Q

thermal cracking

A

mix of long hydrocarbons
broken down by high pressure and temps

101
Q

why does cracking require high temps and pressures

A

break carbon bonds with high bond enthalpy

102
Q

products of thermal cracking

A

smaller chain alkanes
alkene
total hydrogen and carbon same as products and reactants
liner alkanes

103
Q

use of alkenes from thermal cracking

104
Q

catalyst in catalytic cracking

105
Q

condititons of catalytic cracking

A

high but lower than thermal temps
catalyst
lower pressure

106
Q

products of catalytic cracking

A

branched alkanes
cycloalkanes
aromatics/ benzene

107
Q

answering questions about unknown products and writing equations

A

-write out equation of what you know
-what unknown product type
-calculate difference
find molecular formula of unknown

108
Q

benefits of thermal cracking

A

makes shorter chain alkanes
mainly short chain alkanes
makes plastics

109
Q

benefits of catalytic cracking

A

makes valuable short chain alkanes
catalyst so cheap and easy
mainly branched chain alkanes
branched alkanes used for fuel

110
Q

disadvantages for thermal cracking

A

expensive because of high pressure and temps

111
Q

disadvantage of catalytic cracking

A

zeolite expensive and needs replacing

Organic chem (10 decks)

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