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Organic chem > alcohols > Flashcards

alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

alcohol homologous series

A

OH functional group and nothing else

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2
Q

general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1 OH

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3
Q

when are alcohols formed

A

when halogenalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with aqueous hydroxides

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4
Q

naming simple alcohols

A

-longest carbon chain- prefix
-suffix is OL
-include position number before OL in name

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5
Q

how to classify alcohols

A

by number of carbons bonded to one with hydroxyl group

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6
Q

primary alcohol

A

carbon with OH bonded to one other carbon

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7
Q

secondary alcohol

A

carbon with OH bonded to 2 other carbons

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8
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

carbon with OH bonded to three more carbons

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9
Q

diol

A

when alkane hydrogen replaced by 2 OH groups

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10
Q

naming diols

A

-write full name of longest chain
-suffix for diol end of chain name
-add position number for OH groups
-write position number of diol before each suffix and after prefix

Eg- hexane-2,2-diol

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11
Q

drawing alcohols

A

draw longest carbon chain
-position of OH group
-add OH extra when drawing diols

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12
Q

strongest IM force between alcohol molecules

A

hydrogen bonding
-compared to alkanes and alkenes they have strongest bonding

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13
Q

solubility of alcohols as chain increases

A

-polar molecules
-short ones highly soluble
-as it grows solubility decreases because greater region of chain non polar and non polar substances highly insoluble in polar solutes

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14
Q

carbonyl compounds

A

double bond C–O

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15
Q

aldehyde

A

when carbonyl bonded to carbon and hydrogen or two hydrogens
C double O and two H

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16
Q

general formula for aldehyde

A

CnH2nO

CHO structural formula

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17
Q

alkyl group

A

CH3Ch2CH2CH2

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18
Q

naming simple aldehydes

A

longest chain
-suffix is al
-always on end of carbon chain so dont add position name

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19
Q

ketone

A

when carbonyl of C–O bonded to 2 carbons

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20
Q

general formula for ketones

A

CnH2nO

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21
Q

structural formula of ketones

A

CH3COCH3

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22
Q

aldehyde structural formula

A

CH3CH2CHO

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23
Q

naming simple ketones

A

-longest carbon chain
suffix for ketone one
add position number because always on second carbon
eg pentanone
pentan-3-one

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24
Q

carbonyls

A

aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid

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25
Q

carboxylic acid

A

when C–O bonded to carbon and OH

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26
Q

general formula carboxylic acid

A

CnH2n+1 COOH

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27
Q

naming carboxylic acid

A

-prefix for longest chain
-suffix anoic acid
always at end of chain so no position name

28
Q

drawing carbonyls

A

-carbon chain
aldehyde end of chain
-add ketone to position number carbon
-add COOH for anoic acid

29
Q

IM forces of carbonyls

A

van der waal

dipole dipole
COOH have hydrogen bonding

30
Q

oxidation in organic chem

A

whenever a carbon forms a bond with a more electronegative element

31
Q

what do primary alcohols form when oxidised

A

aldehydes

32
Q

what do secondary alcohols form when oxidised

A

ketones

33
Q

why cant tertiary alcohols be oxidised

A

carbon hydrogen bonds break when oxidised but they dont have C-H bonds so dont oxidise

34
Q

oxidising agent for alcohols

A

potassium dichromate
K2CR2O7

35
Q

how to use potassium dichromate to oxidise alcohols

A

acidify
add dilute acid
-sulfuric acid normally

36
Q

ethanol reaction with potassium dichromate

A

ethanol + Cr2O72- + H+ = ethanal + Cr(111) + water

37
Q

chromium change of oxidation state

A

+6 from Cr2O72- to CR(111) 3+
reduced

38
Q

colour change of oxidation of alcohols

A

orange to green

39
Q

aldehyde oxidation product

A

carboxylic acid

40
Q

half equations for oxidation of alcohols

A

1identify oxidising agent- Cr2O72 = Cr3+
-balance atoms- hydrogens with ions and water oxygens with water
-balance charges- add electrons in reactants side

41
Q

symbol for oxidising agents

A

O with brackets around it

42
Q

what happens during elminiation reactions

A

2 sigma bonds break and a pi bond forms

43
Q

products of alcohol elimination reaction

A

alcohol = alkene + h20

44
Q

elimination reaction catalyst

A

conc h2so4 or h3po4

45
Q

external factors done in eliminaton reaction of alcohols

A

heat alcohol to increase rate of reaction
-use sulfuric acid or hydrogen phosphate

46
Q

conditions for elimination reactions of alcohols

A

concentrated acid catalyst
-heat alcohol to speed up reaction

47
Q

what to replace sulfuric catalyst with in mechanisms

A

H+ ions

48
Q

how to remove alkene from preperation of dehydration reaction of alcohol

A

distilation
-strongest IM force pent1-ene has is van der waal but strongest alcohol has is hydrogen bonding so boiling point weaker so separate

49
Q

where can hydrogens only be removed during alcohol reactions

A

hydrogens on carbons adjacent next to carbon with OH group

50
Q

hydration of alkenes alcohol

A

alkenes + water reversible to alcohol
-double bond alkene plus water alkane plus OH group

51
Q

steps of hydration alkene reaction

A

-add alkene in gas phase into reactor
-add water in form of steam
-add acid catalyst to start reaction

52
Q

what type of reaction is hydration of alkenes

A

electrophilic addition

53
Q

making alcohol from ethene

A

-convert to ethanol
phosphoric acid catalyst
-300 degrees
-compromise of yield and rate
-6000KPA
high pressure expensive but shift yield
-

54
Q

equation for hydration of ethene

A

C2H4 +H2O REVERSIBLE C2H5OH

55
Q

confitions of fermentation of yeast

A

no oxygen
-can contaminate ethanol to ethanoic acid
-oxygen can make co2 and h20
-temps 25 degrees no lower between 25 and 40
-temp any lower and slow rate and any higher and enzymes denature

56
Q

advantages of fermentation

A

-renewable resources- plants
-more sustainable
-cheaper
-less energy used

57
Q

disadvantages of hydration reactions

A

-non renewable reources
-more expensive
higher eneegy use

58
Q

advantages of hydration

A

continuous process
-100 percent atom economy
-faster rate of reaction

59
Q

disadvantages of fermentation

A

-slower rate of reaction
atom economy lower than 100 percent
-batch process not continuous

60
Q

equation for reaction during fermentation

A

C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

61
Q

carbon nuetral fuel

A

carbon taken in same as carbon let out during photosynthesis and combustion
-no overall co2 emissions

62
Q

how to produce aldehydes

A

distill

63
Q

how to produce ketones and carboxylic acids

A

heat under reflux

64
Q

test for tertiary alcohols

A

add potassium dichromate and colour orange because cant be oxidised

65
Q

test for secondary or primary alcohols

A

add potassium dichromate and solution will turn green

66
Q

test for primary alcohol

A

tollens reagent
-silver mirror forms when aldehyde present
-no reaction for ketone

67
Q

benedict or fehling for aldehydes

A

solution turns red when aldehyde present
-no change for ketone
-stay blue

Organic chem (9 decks)

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