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Organic chem > halogenalkanes > Flashcards

halogenalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

halogenoalkane

A

alkane where at least one hydrogen replaced with halogen

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2
Q

halogens

A

fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

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3
Q

naming simple haloalkanes

A

ane at end of name
prefix depends on number of carbons
-prefix of halogen before name of alkane chain
add position number of halogen

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4
Q

general formula of haloalkanes

A

CnH2n+1X X for halogen

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5
Q

primary halogenalkane

A

carbon with halogen attached to 1 other carbon

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6
Q

secondary halogenalkane

A

-carbon with halogen group bonded to 2 other carbons

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7
Q

tertiary halogenoalkane

A

carbon with halogen attached to 3 other carbons

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8
Q

properties of halogen alkanes

A

-polar molecules
-dipole dipole
van der waal
length increases van der wala forces
-boiling and melting point increase

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9
Q

halogenalkanes solubility

A

-slightly soluble in water
-as length of carbon chain increases solubility decreases

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10
Q

CFC

A

any compound that only has chlorine fluorine and carbon

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11
Q

uses of CFC

A

propellants in aerosel cans
-solvents
refrigerants

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12
Q

ozone

A

lets in light from sun so we can see and plants can grow
blocks UV

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13
Q

UV and CFC

A

when CFC released they go into atmosphere and UV lights causes free radical

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14
Q

free radicals and ozone

A

cause ozone to break down into oxygen
doesnt protect us from UV rays

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15
Q

equation for ozone to oxygen

A

2O3 - 3O2

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16
Q

what determines what free radicals most likely to form

A

bond enthalpy

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17
Q

nucleophillic substitution

A

nueleophile substitutes for halogen

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18
Q

equations for nucleosphiilic substitution

A

ionic
-full with molecular formula

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19
Q

why do carbon halogen bonds break

A

-electronegativity
-size of ions- as size increases electrons are spread out over a greater distance and increases ions stability

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20
Q

nucleophilic substitution with sodium hydroxide reagent and nucleophile

A

-nucleophile is OH
and reagent is NaOH

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21
Q

nucleophillic sub with potassium cyanide reagent and nucleophile

A

KCN reagent
-CN nucleophile

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22
Q

nucleophillic sub with ammonia reagent and nucleophile

A

reagent ammonia
nucleophile ammonia

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23
Q

nucleophile

A

donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond

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24
Q

reagent

A

substance physically added to the system

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25
Q

how halogens and NaOH and KOH react

A

both reagents need to be dissolved in water

26
Q

conditions for OH nucleophilic sub

A

-NaOH dissolved in water
-heat to increase rate of reaction

27
Q

nitrile

A

formed when CN replaces halogen on molecule

28
Q

products formed when when cyanide reacts with halogens

A

nitriles

29
Q

naming nitriles

A

longest chain eg butane with nitrile on end including carbon in nitrile group

30
Q

conditions when cyanide reacts with halogens

A

-heat mixture
-dissolve in ethanol
-alcohol because you could produce alcohol instead of nitriles with water

31
Q

product formed when ammonia reacts with halogen molecules

A

-amines

32
Q

conditions for nucleophiles with ammonia conditions

A

-dissolved in ethanol
is with water could make alcohols instead of amines
-heat mixture
-high pressure
excess ammonia

33
Q

what determines rate of reaction in halogenoalkanes

A

more electronegative faster rate of reaction

34
Q

bond enthalpy and rate of halogenoalkanes reaction

A

lower bond enthalpies require less activation energy so more frequent collisions so faster rate of reaction

35
Q

how to measure rate of reaction of halogenoalkanes

A

-dissolve in ethanol
-add silver nitrate and water
-measure how long it takes for precipitate to form

36
Q

what happens in elimination reactions

A

2 sigma bonds break
1 pi bond forms
double or triple bonds formed

37
Q

products and reactants of elimination reactions

A

ethanolic reagent
ethanolic KOH eg
-alkene for pi bond

38
Q

conditions for elimination reactions

A

ethanolic hydroxides
-heat/ high temps
-concentrated reagent

39
Q

conditions for sub reaction

A

-aqueous
-dilute NaOH or KOH
-lower temps

40
Q

base

A

when species accepts protons
proton acceptor
from H+
all nucleophiles

41
Q

role of OH example in reaction

A

acts as base
proton acceptor

42
Q

which hydrogens removed in elimination reactions

A

hydrogens attached to carbon next to carbon with halogen

43
Q

products of elimination reactions

A

up to 2 structural isomers

44
Q

free radical

A

when species has un unpaired valence electron

45
Q

equation for free radical sub

A

alkane + halogen= halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide

46
Q

how to produce free radicals

A

high temps above 450
UV light
-provide extra energy to break bonds

47
Q

which free radicals form

A

lower bond enthalpy means more likely to form that free radical

48
Q

free radical and free radical reaction

A

form a molecule

49
Q

free radical and molecule reaction

A

free radical + molecule = new molecule + new free radical

50
Q

initiation step

A

produce free radical with heat and UV light

51
Q

propagation

A

radical formed in initiation with molecule forming free radical and hydrogen halide

52
Q

first propagation step

A

free radical with molecule forms free radical and hydrogen halide

53
Q

second propogation

A

second free radical formed in first step reacting with origanal halogen forming halogen free radical with molecule

54
Q

when free radical isnt at end of carbon chain

A

place on top of which carbon it is with full structural formula

55
Q

uncontrollable side reactions

A

increase time taken to produce desired product
-decrease percentage yield of desired product

56
Q

decomposition of ozone mechanism

A

C2F4Cl2= C2F4Cl+ Cl
-Cl + O3 = ClO + O2
-ClO* + O3 = Cl* + 2O2
-2O3 = 3O2

57
Q

alternatives to CFC molecules

A

hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons
-high bond enthalpy so less reactive and dont form chlorine radicals

58
Q

role of chlorine radical in ozone decomposition

A

acts as catalyst

59
Q
A
60
Q
A

Organic chem (9 decks)

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