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IMHM > INTRO TO IMHM > Flashcards

INTRO TO IMHM Flashcards

1
Q

Immunohematology also known as

A

blood banking

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2
Q

is a branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders.

A

immunohematology

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3
Q

What is the main objective of immuohematology

A

To have a safe transfusion

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4
Q

refers to the process of collecting, storing, and
processing blood and the distribution of RBCs and blood components.

A

blood banking

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5
Q

Why does RBC need to be properly distributed?

A

To avoid having expired blood

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6
Q

branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood and blood components.

A

Transfusion medicine

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7
Q

In what year first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history.

A

1492

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8
Q

Transfusion medicine is also known as

A

transfusiology

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9
Q

received blood from three
different individual.

A

Pope Innocent VII

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10
Q

What is the principal obstacle to overcome in 1942?

A

Clotting

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11
Q

English surgeon that uses antiseptics to
control infection during transfusions.

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

What are the two antiseptics used in blood transfusion?

A
  • alcohol
  • povidone-iodine
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13
Q

Who recommends sodium phosphate?

A

Braxton hicks

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14
Q

What is the first example of blood preservative?

A

sodium phosphate

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15
Q

sodium phosphate is used for

A

pregnant women

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16
Q

Who discovered the ABO blood group system and when was it?

A

Karl Landsteiner in 1901

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17
Q

If agglutinogen is present on rbc membrane -

A

agglutinin is absent in the plasma

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18
Q

If agglutinogen is absent on rbc membrane -

A

agglutinin is present in the plasma

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19
Q

Blood type A

A

anti-B is present

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20
Q

Blood type B

A

anti-A is present

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21
Q

Blood type O

A

anti-A and anti-B are present

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22
Q

Who discovered blood type AB or the 4th blood type?

A

Alfred Bon Decastello and Adriano Sturli

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23
Q

When was the 4th blood type discovered?

A

1902

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24
Q

who suggests that the safety of
transfusion might be improved by crossmatching

A

Ludvig Hektoen

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25
Q

Other term for crossmatching

A

compatibility testing

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26
Q

antihuman globulin also known as

A

coomb’s test

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27
Q

who devises a way to
prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.

A

Alexis Carrel

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28
Q

vein-to-artery or direct method is also known as

A

anastomosis

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29
Q

procedure proves unfeasible for blood
transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ
transplantation

A

vein-to-artery or direct method

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30
Q

When did Carrel receives the Nobel
Prize

A

1912

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31
Q

who describes the AHG reaction

A

Moreschi

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32
Q

Principle of AHG test

A

Detecting the in vivo and in vitro sensitization of RBC

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33
Q

check cells for the reverse blood typing of a specific
blood type

A

A1 and A2 cells

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34
Q

Who introduced group cells and when was it?

A

Von Dungern and Hirszfel in 1911

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35
Q

Who developed Lee-White clotting time

A

Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White

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36
Q

packed RBCs type O rh
negative

A

universal donor

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37
Q

packed RBCs type AB rh
positive

A

universal recipient

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38
Q

Test that measures the time of blood clotting

A

Lee-White clotting time

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39
Q

When was lee-white clotting time developed?

A

1912

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40
Q

first to succeed to
perform blood transfusion.

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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41
Q

When was the first successful blood transfusion

A

1913

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42
Q

unprecedented accomplishment in blood
transfusion was achieved in

A

1914

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43
Q

reported the use of sodium citrate as
an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

A

Albert Hustin

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44
Q

determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its
nontoxicity in small amounts.

A

Lewisohn

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45
Q
A
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46
Q

Who introduced citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

A

Francis Rous and Turner

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47
Q

Where was first hospital-based blood depot established?

A

Leningrad hospital

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48
Q

When was the term blood bank originates and who originated it?

A

in 1937 by Bernard Fantus

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49
Q

first hospital blood bank in the US

A

Cook County Hospital in Chicago

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50
Q

possible component to control the
bleeding

A

plasma

51
Q

Rh blood group system is discovered by

A

Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson

52
Q

When was cold ethanol
fractionation

A

1940

53
Q

who develops develops the first blood container

A

John Elliott

54
Q

Who develops cold ethanol
fractionation

A

Edwin Cohn

55
Q

when was the first blood container developed?

A

1940

56
Q

When was American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) formed?

A

1947

57
Q

When was the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells reported?

A

1950

58
Q

What substances prevent water loss and cell damage of the RBCs

A

glycerol
glucose
urea

59
Q

Who reported the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant

A

Audrey Smith

60
Q

Who introduce the plastic bag for blood collection

A

Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr.

61
Q

Designed for collection, storage and transfusion of whole blood

A

single bag

62
Q

Separation of whole blood into red cell and plasma

A

double bag

63
Q

Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate and plasma.

A

triple bag

64
Q

Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate,
cryoprecipitate and plasma

A

quadruple bag

65
Q

providing a centralized system for exchanging blood among blood banks

A

AABB Clearinghouse

66
Q

When was AABB Clearinghouse established?

A

1953

67
Q

Clearinghouse is now called

A

National Blood Exchange

68
Q

When was the development of the refrigerated centrifuge

A

1953

69
Q

improved preservative
solution which is less acidic

A

citrate-phosphate-dextrose

70
Q

standard preservative used for blood storage

A

citrate-phosphate-dextrose

71
Q

deciphers the molecular structure of hemoglobin

A

Max Perutz of Cambridge University

72
Q

The role of platelet concentrates in reducing mortality from hemorrhage in cancer patients is recognized in what year?

A

1961

73
Q

concentrate
to treat coagulation disorders in hemophilia patients

A

antihemophilic factor

74
Q

introduced as a means of
collecting plasma for fractionation

A

plasmapheresis

75
Q

cryoprecipitated AHF treatment for

A

hemophilia

76
Q

Rh immune globulin or what we call now as

A

Rhogam

77
Q

used to extract one cellular component,
returning the rest of the blood to the donor.

A

APHERESIS

78
Q

CPDA-1 shelf life

A

35 days

79
Q

With the growth of component therapy, products for
coagulation disorders, and plasma exchange for the
treatment of autoimmune disorders, hospital and
community blood banks enter the era of transfusion
medicine

A

1980

80
Q

First Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
case reported.

A

1981

81
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as
cause of AIDS

A

1984

82
Q

Introduction of first specific test for hepatitis C, the major cause of “non-A, non-B” hepatitis.

A

1990

83
Q

tests implemented in 1992

A

HIV 1 and HIV 2 testing

84
Q

When was West Nile virus identified as transfusion transmissible.

A

2002

85
Q

First West Nile Virus-positive unit of blood
intercepted

A

2003

86
Q

AABB receives $2.4 Million CDC grant to reduce
transfusion-transmitted HIV in Africa and South
America.

A

2004

87
Q

FDA approves the first West Nile virus (WNV) blood
test to screen donors of blood, organs, cells and
tissue

A

2005

88
Q

Are units of inheritance that encode for
certain traits or visible characteristics

A

genes

89
Q
  • linear arrangement of genes
A

CHROMOSOMES

90
Q

physical
expression of inherited genes.

A

phenotype

91
Q

The set of alleles for a given trait carried
by an organism

A

genotype

92
Q

defined as alternative forms of a
gene. A portion within the chromosome that codes for
the traits/genes

A

allele

93
Q

specific location of genes within the
chromosomes

A

locus or loci

94
Q

inherited on one of the 22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes

A

autosomal

95
Q

genes inherited on the sex
chromosomes

A

sex linked

96
Q

a gene that is when expressed whenever
the allele is present

A

dominant

97
Q

a gene that is not expressed even the
allele is present. Silent gene can only be expressed if
two identical genes are present

A

recessive

98
Q

a pair of genes in which neither is
dominant over the other. Two different genes that are
inherited at the same loci on a pair of chromosomes

A

codominant

98
Q

having two identical genes for a
given trait

A

Homozygous

99
Q

having two unidentical genes for a
given trait

A

heterozygous

100
Q

crossbreed of homozygous red and homozygous
white flower

A

2nd generation

101
Q

Consisted of all red or all white flowers

A

1st Generation or “Parental”

102
Q

This allows for all possible combinations of genes
to occur in the offspring.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

103
Q

Exact characteristics as the
parental generation

A

parental type

104
Q

mixture of dominant
feature and recessive feature

A

reciprocal type

105
Q

The interpretation of pedigree analysis requires the
understanding of various standard conventions in the
representation of data figures

A

inheritance pattern

106
Q

Males are always represented by

A

square

107
Q

females are always represented by

A

circle

108
Q

A line joining a male and female indicates

A

mating

109
Q

offspring are indicated by

A

vertical line

110
Q

A double line between a male and female indicates

A

consanguineous mating

111
Q

A stillbirth or abortion is indicated by

A

small black circle

112
Q

Deceased family members have

A

line crossed
through them.

113
Q

indicated by an
arrow pointing to it

A

propositus

114
Q

Different Inheritance Patterns

A

 Autosomal Recessive
 Autosomal Dominant
 X-linked Recessive
 X-linked Dominant

115
Q

refers to traits that are not carried on the
sex chromosomes

A

autosomal

116
Q

carried by either parent or both
parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic
level unless both parents carry the trait.

A

recessive trait

117
Q

The father always expresses the trait but never
passes it on to his sons.

A

X-linked Recessive Inheritance

118
Q

In X-linked Recessive Inheritance, the father always passes the trait to

A

all of his daughters

119
Q

In X-linked Dominant Inheritance Father always passes his Y chromosome to

A

son

120
Q

illustrates the probabilities of
phenotypes from known or inferred genotypes

A

punnet squares

121
Q

Portrays the potential offspring’s phenotypes or
parent’s probable genotype

A

punnet squares

122
Q

identical from the same egg

A

monozygotic twins

123
Q

nonidentical; 2 different eggs

A

dizygotic twins

IMHM (10 decks)

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