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Sustaining life > Intro to GI tract > Flashcards

Intro to GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what terms are used to describe the GI tract?

A

gut
alimentary canal
digestive tract
gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

what does the GI tract do?

A

double open-ended tube that allows digestion and absorption of food

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3
Q

what does the GI tract include?

A

oesophagus
stomach
liver
gall
pancreas
small intestine
ileum
colon
rectum
anus

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4
Q

how long is the GI tract?

A

very long - up to 10 metres

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5
Q

what cavities is the GI tract found in?

A

oesophagus - thoracic cavity
all other organs are in the abdominal cavity

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6
Q

what is the wall of the GI tract formed of?

A

mucosa - the lining of the GI tract, comprises of 3 layers including a thin muscular layer
submucosa - connective tissue, where blood vessels and nerve lie
muscularis - layers of smooth muscle and enteric nerve system
serosa - the visceral layer of the peritoneum
some areas of the GI tract have modifications to these standard layers

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7
Q

what is found in the mouth?

A

lips, cheeks, soft and hard palates
tongue (skeletal muscle) with taste buds on papillae
salivary glands: submandibular, parotid and sublingual (secrete salivary amylase)
teeth

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8
Q

what is the mouth key for?

A

mastication
speech
start digestion
some absorption

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9
Q

what makes up the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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10
Q

what is the pharynx involved in?

A

swallowing - food bolus moves from the buccal cavity to the oesophagus through the pharynx

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11
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

contracting of muscles behind food bolus and relaxing of muscles in front of food bolus, allowing it to pass through the oesophagus

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12
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

first segment of true digestive tract

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13
Q

where is the oesophagus located?

A

extends from pharynx to stomach, traverses the diaphragm
posterior to heart and trachea
has cervical, thoracic and abdominal sections

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14
Q

what cells line the oesopahgus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (thick and robust) until last cm when it become columnar epithelium

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15
Q

what type of muscle control does it use?

A

voluntary in the upper third, mixed in the middle and involuntary in the lower third

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16
Q

what are the two sphincters found in the oesophagus?

A

upper and lower oesophageal sphincter

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17
Q

features of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

muscular
primarily cricopharyngeus
stops air getting into the gut

18
Q

features of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

thickened muscular layer in lower oesophagus, cardia of stomach (intrinsic) and the diaphragm (extrinsic)
prevents food/acid reflux

19
Q

location of stomach

A

lies under diaphragm in central/left midline

20
Q

features of stomach

A

can hold up to 1.5l
usually collapsed
divided into cardia, fundus, body, antrum
oesophagus enters in the cardia, exits to duodenum at the pylorus
mucosa is folded into rugae, within these are gastric pits
muscles lie in oblique layers - very strong and effective

21
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

food reservoir - stores food until its ready to be digested
digestion - started by gastric acids and juices, physically broken down by churning
some absorption - water, alcohol, some drugs

22
Q

what are the features of gastric mucosa

A

glands
chief cells
parietal cells
endocrine cells

23
Q

what do glands in gastric mucosa do?

A

secrete mucous which protects the mucosa from the acid environment of the stomach

24
Q

what do chief cells in gastric mucosa do?

A

secrete enzymes of gastric juice (pepsin)

25
Q

what do parietal cells in gastric mucosa do?

A

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (important for b12 absorption)

26
Q

what do endocrine cells in gastric mucosa do?

A

secrete grelin (hormone that promotes appetite)
gastrin (digestive hormone)

27
Q

what is the small intestine?

A

tube approx 2.5cms wide
6-8ms long
divided into three

28
Q

features of duodenum

A

shortest section of small intestine
4 sections - superior duodenal flexure, descending, horizontal, ascending
transitions into the jejunem at the duodenojejunal flexure
where the biliary tract enters the GI tract

29
Q

features of jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum is 2.5ms long
transitions seamlessly into the ileum
iluem ends at the ileo-ceacal valve in the right illiac fossa

30
Q

features of small intestinal mucosa

A

folded into villi
surface cells (enterocytes) have microvilli known as the brush border
digestive enzymes
goblet cells (mucus-secreting)
enteroendocrine cells
stem cells (found in deep crypts adjacent to villi)

31
Q

features of villi

A

increased surface area for absorption
million of villi when healthy
has a carpet-like appearance
each villi contains blood vessels and lymph vessel

32
Q

what makes up the large intestine

A

caecum
colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
rectum
anal canal

33
Q

features of rectum

A

last 15-20cm of large bowel
repository for stool
ends at the anal canl where there is a transition to squamous mucosa
internal (smooth muscle) and external (striated) anal sphincter

34
Q

features of the colon wall

A

multiple mucus secreting glands
no villi - crypts instead
muscles are grouped into dense strips (taeniae coli) and rings, these are shorter than the bowel and mean pouches (haustra) form

35
Q

appendix (idky its literally so irrelevant)

A

8-10cms long
variable position
vestigial (basically means it does fuck all, probably used to do something though)
may have a role in gut microflora

36
Q

features of peritoneum

A

continuous membrane which covers most abdominal organs
visceral layer - lines the organs, is their serosa
parietal layer - lines the walls of the abdo cavity

37
Q

peritoneum terms

A

intraperitoneal - lies within peritoneum
extraperitoneal - outwith the peritoneum
retroperitoneal - intraperitoneal and behind the peritoneum
mesentery - large fold of parietal peritoneum that is attached to the small intestine and prevents it knotting up
omentum - continuation of the serosa of the stomach, apron hangs over intestines, if there is perforation/inflammation it can wrap around the segment and seal it off

38
Q

location of gallbladder

A

lies below the liver

39
Q

features of gallbladder

A

mucosa from rugae

40
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores bile (crucial for fat absorption)
when triggered by CCK (gut hormone) it empties

41
Q

location of pancreas

A

head lies within the curve of duodenum
tail touches the spleen

42
Q

features of the exocrine pancreas

A

majority of the tissue
has an acinar arrangemtn
complex ductal collecting system, ends at the pancreatic duct and empties into duodenum
secrete pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate)

Sustaining life (19 decks)

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