Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sustaining life > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of sex?

A

sex is the blending of characteristics of two individuals of the nth generation to create the n+1th generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the disadvantages of sex?

A

you need to find a partner
dilution of a “perfect” set of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

advantages of sex

A

each individual has a new mix of genes that give it immunity to pathogens (red queen hypothesis)
each individual has a new mix of genes that determine its environmental interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two sets of cells?

A

somatic (cells in the rest of the body
germ line (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of epithelium is found in seminiferous tubules?

A

multi-nucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are the most mature sperm cells found?

A

nearest the middle of the tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia (stem cells) differentiate into spermatocytes which undergo meiosis and become spermatozoa and go on to become sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) directly stimulates
luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the production of testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does mitotic proliferation begin?

A

at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does mitotic proliferation take place?

A

basal side of the tubule (furthest side from the lumen?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the acrosome and what does it store?

A

head of the sperm cells
contains information for fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do sertoli cells do?

A

sperm cells live in the sertoli cells and are protected from the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens when sperm cells mature?

A

sperm are shed and flow to the epididymis via gentle peristalsis
secretions from the epididymis activate the sperm and make them capable of swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do adult women have germ line stem cells?

A

no, only men do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when are oocytes (egg cells) produced?

A

during foetal life, they then enter into meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many oocytes complete meiosis?

A

one egg per month completes meiosis from around the ages of 12-50

17
Q

what is the primordial follicle?

A

the primordial follicle is an oocyte arrested in meiosis 1 which is surrounded by granulosa cells (they look after the follicle)

18
Q

what happens to the primordial follicle at puberty?

A

when FSH is produced the primordial follicles become primary follicles, only 50 per month resume development

19
Q

what happens when the primary follicle develops?

A

the oocyte grows and synthesises rRNA and mRNA

20
Q

what does the primary follicle develop into?

A

it becomes a ripening follicle, the oocyte synthesises a glycoprotein zona pellucida (surrounds the oocyte) and granulosa cells multiply

21
Q

what do granulosa cells secrete?

A

follicular fluid, which forms the fluid-filled antrum (surrounds the oocyte and zona pelludica)

22
Q

what happens after the formation of the antrum?

A

theca gains LH receptors
granulosa cells gain FSH receptors
together they activate hormone secretion from the cell

23
Q

what happens if there is not adequate stimulation by FSH?

A

the follicle will die

24
Q

what happens if the follicle does receive enough stimulation from FSH?

A

the antral follicle matures further to become a graafian follicle at the surface of the ovary

25
Q

what happens once a graafian follicle develops?

A

it becomes more sensitive to FSH, there is negative feedback to the pituitary and there is a reduction in FSH levels. this prevents further recruitment of follicles, usually only one follicle matures

26
Q

how do fertility drugs work?

A

block oestrogen detection which drives a higher and longer period of production of FSH and more follicles mature

27
Q

what drives ovulation?

A

surge in LH levels

28
Q

what occurs following a surge in LH?

A

completion of meiosis 1, arrest in meiosis 2 and connection with granulosa cells is lost
only takes around 12 hours

29
Q

how does the mature oocyte leave the ovary?

A

it digests its way out of the edge of the ovary, and enters into the fallopian tube

30
Q

when does meiosis 2 complete?

A

it never completes unless fertilisation occurs

31
Q

what does the remains of the follicle become?

A

corpus luteum

32
Q

what us the function of the corpus luteum?

A

produces progesterone and oestrogen
prepares the uterus lining for embryo implantation
unless the woman becomes pregnant the corpus luteum dies after a week or so

33
Q

what maintains the corpus luteum?

A

LH

34
Q

what are the phases?

A

menstrual - days 1-5
proliferative - days 5-14
secretory - days 14-27
ischemic - days 27-28

Sustaining life (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions