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GI I > Intro to GI tract > Flashcards

Intro to GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general components of the GI tract?

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine/colon

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2
Q

What are the four parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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4
Q

What are the 6 parts of large intestine/colon?

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

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5
Q

What are the four general processes found in the GI system?

A

Digestion
Absorption
Motility
Secretion

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6
Q

What is the definition of digestion?

A

The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

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7
Q

What are the general functions of the liver?

A

Glucose and fat metabolism
Protein synthesis
Bile production
Hormone production
Urea production
Detoxification
Glycogen storage

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8
Q

What are the plasma proteins made in the liver?

A

Albumin
Fibrinogens
Apoliproteins

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9
Q

What are the hormones made in the liver?

A

Angiotensinogen
Insulin like growth factor

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10
Q

What are the two general functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine - digestive enzymes
Endocrine - hormones

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11
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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12
Q

What are the 4 general structures of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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13
Q

What are the general sections of the mucosa of the GI tract?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

What are the special cells of GI epithelium?

A

Transporting cells
Exocrine and endocrine secreting cells
Stem cells

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15
Q

What generally makes up the lamina propria?

A

CT
Small blood and lymph vessels
Nerve fibers
Wandering immune cells

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16
Q

What generally makes up the submucosa?

A

CT with lymphatics and blood vessels
Submucosal plexus

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17
Q

What are the two sections of the muscularis externa?

A

Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Circular layer of smooth muscle (myenteric plexus)

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18
Q

What are the two main ways to categorize smooth muscle?

A

By their communication with neighboring cells
By contraction pattern

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19
Q

What are the two groups of smooth muscle under the category of communication?

A

Single unit/unitary
Multi-unit

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of single unit smooth muscle?

A

Connected by gap junctions
Cells contract as single unit
In walls of most hollow organs

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

Not electrically linked
Each cell stimulated indepently

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22
Q

Where can you find multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

Iris and ciliary body of eye
Male reproductive tract
Piloerector muscles

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23
Q

What are the two types of the contraction pattern category of smooth muscle?

A

Phasic
Tonic

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24
Q

Where is tonic contraction found in the GI tract?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter
Ileocecal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter

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25
Q

What is slow wave potential?

A

Slow, regular oscillations of membrane potential in GI smooth muscle

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26
Q

What maintains slow potential and their location?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric plexus

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27
Q

What ions cause slow waves?

A

Influx of Ca - depolarize
Efflux of K - repolarize

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28
Q

What is the response to AP called in GI smooth muscle?

A

Spike potential

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29
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the stomach?

A

4 waves/min

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30
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the duodenum?

A

12 waves/min

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31
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the distal ileum?

A

8 waves/min

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32
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the cecum?

A

9 waves/min

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33
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the sigmoid colon?

A

6 waves/min

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34
Q

What does Ca bind to in smooth muscle cells during contraction?

A

Calmodulin

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35
Q

What activates myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle cells?

A

Ca bound to calmodulin

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36
Q

What is the function of activated myosin light chain kinase?

A

Phosphorylates light chains in myosin head and increases myosin ATPase activity

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37
Q

How is cytosol concentration of free Ca decreased?

A

Pumped back into the SR by sER-Ca-ATPase
Pumped out of the cell by primary active transport

38
Q

What is the function of myosin phosphatase in smooth muscle cells?

A

Removes phosphate from myosin light chains which decreases myosin ATPase activity

39
Q

What are three patterns of motility in the GI tract?

A

Migrating motor complex
Peristaltic contractions
Segmental contractions

40
Q

How does smooth muscle differ from other muscle types?

A

No cross striations
Poorly developed SR
Elongated, single nucleus, spindle shape
Sarcotubular system not as developed - very shallow dip
Calmodulin instead of troponin - no troponin
Low calcium storage and pump
Involuntary control - ANS
Low excitability - very slow contraction speed

41
Q

What is the general PNS innervation of the GI tract?

A

Vagus nerve
ENS

42
Q

What is the general SNS innervation of the GI tract?

A

Thoracolumbar nerves

43
Q

What is the intrinsic ANS of the GI tract?

A

ENS

44
Q

What is the two general parts of the extrinsic ANS of the GI tract?

A

PNS and SNS

45
Q

What are the NTs and neuromodulators of the GI tract?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Nitric oxide
Gastrin releasing peptide
Enkephalins
Neuropeptide Y
Substance P

46
Q

What is the receptor for Ach in the GI tract?

A

Cholinergic

47
Q

What 5 functions does ACh have in the GI tract?

A

Contraction
Relaxation of sphincters
Increase salivary secretion
Increase gastric secretion
Increase pancreatic secretion

48
Q

What is the receptor for norepinephrine in the GI tract?

A

Adrenergic

49
Q

What are the 3 functions of norepinephrine in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation
Contraction of sphincter
Increase salivary secretion

50
Q

Where does NO act in the GI tract?

A

Neurons of ENS

51
Q

What is the function of NO in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation

52
Q

Where does GRP act in the GI tract?

A

Vagal neurons of gastric mucosa

53
Q

What is the function of GRP in the GI tract?

A

Increase gastrin secretion

54
Q

Where is VIP released from and what is it receptor in the GI tract?

A

ENS neurons
Peptidogenic

55
Q

What are the 3 functions of VIP in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation
Increase intestinal secretion
Increase pancreatic secretion

56
Q

What substance effects enkaphalin secretion and where?

A

Opiates
ENS neurons

57
Q

What are the 2 actions of enkaphalins in the GI tract?

A

Contraction
Decrease intestinal secretion

58
Q

Where is neuropeptide Y released?

A

ENS neurons

59
Q

What are the 2 actions of neuropeptide Y in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation
Decrease intestinal secretion

60
Q

Where is substance P secreted from?

A

ENS neurons

61
Q

What are the 2 actions of substance P in the GI tract?

A

Contraction
Increase salivary secretion

62
Q

What NT is substance P secreted with?

A

ACh

63
Q

What are the steps of a reflex arc?

A

Stimulus
Sensory receptor
Input signal
Output signal
Target/effector
Response

64
Q

What is a long reflex?

A

Sends signals to CNS

65
Q

What is a short reflex in the GI tract?

A

Sensed by receptors in GI tract and processed entirely in ENS

66
Q

What are the hormones of the GI tract?

A

Gastrin
CCK
Secretin
Motillin
Incretins
Ghrelin
Leptin
Insulin
Amylin

67
Q

What secretes gastrin?

A

G cells

68
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

69
Q

What secretes CCK?

A

I cells

70
Q

What are the functions of CCK?

A

Stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion
Inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

71
Q

What secretes secretin?

A

S cells

72
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion
Inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

73
Q

What secretes motillin?

A

Endo M cells

74
Q

What is the function of motillin?

A

Stimulates migrating motor complex

75
Q

What are the two incretins of the GI tract?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide
Glucagon-like peptide-1

76
Q

What is another name for gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

77
Q

What secretes gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

K cells

78
Q

What are the functions of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

Stimulates insulin release
Inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

79
Q

What secretes glucagon-like peptide-1?

A

L cells

80
Q

What are the functions of glucagon-like peptide-1?

A

Stimulates insulin release
Inhibits glucagon release and gastric function

81
Q

What secretes ghrelin and when?

A

Gastric mucosal cells
Fasting state

82
Q

What is the function of ghrelin?

A

Stimulate orexigenic and inhibit anorexigenic neurons hypothalamus to increase appetite

83
Q

What secretes leptin?

A

Fat cells of adipose tissue

84
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Stimulates anorexigenic and inhibit orexigenic neurons in hypothalamus to decrease appetite

85
Q

How may ghrelin activity effect the result of gastric bypass procedures?

A

May result in decreased/loss of ghrelin activity - decreasing appetite

86
Q

How may leptin may be affected by obesity?

A

Secretion may be lost

87
Q

What is the general pathway of stimulating insulin secretion in response to GI tract distension?

A

Distension of GI tract wall
Stimulates stretch receptors
Increases sensory neuron input to CNS
Parasympathetic output to beta cells of pancreas
Stimulates insulin release

88
Q

What is the general pathway of stimulating insulin secretion in response to carbohydralase in GI lumen?

A

Presence of carbohydralase in GI lumen stimulate endocrine cells of small interesting to release GLP-1 and GIP which stimulate beta cells of pancreas to release insulin

89
Q

What is the general pathway of stimulating insulin secretion in response to nutrient digestion and absorption?

A

Nutrient digestion and absorption increases AAs and plasma glucose which stimulates beta cells of pancreas to release insulin

90
Q

What is the function of Amylin?

A

Prevent spike after ingestion by slowing gastric emptying - improves glycemic control

GI I (19 decks)

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