Intro to Antibiotics

Question 1

type of anti-infective:

antibacterial

Answer 1

antibiotics

Question 2

type of anti-infective:

viruses

Answer 2

antiviral

Question 3

type of anti-infective:

fungus and yeast

Answer 3

antifungal

Question 4

drugs that are directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations

Answer 4

bacteriocidal

Question 5

drugs that can slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell death

Answer 5

bacteriostatic (the immune system actually kills the bug)

Question 6

principle: antibiotics are harmful to the microbe but harmless to the human host

Answer 6

selective toxicity

Question 7

Special populations which may require prophylactic antibiotics

Answer 7

pre-surgery or during surgery: heart valves, rheumatic fever, immunosuppressed

Question 8

Example of drug given prophylactically in particular population

Answer 8

Bactrim to prevent PCP pneumonia in AIDS patients below a certain CD4 level

Question 9

principle: treatment based on identification of most likely causative organism

Answer 9

empiric therapy (e.g. treating e coli for UTI since it’s the most common)

Question 10

Three primary classifications of bacterial identification

Answer 10

gram +/-
shape: bacilli, cocci, spirilla
aerobic vs. anaerobic

Question 11

Should culture and sensitivity specimen be taken before or after starting anti-infectives?

Answer 11

After

Question 12

PCR

Answer 12

polymerase chain reaction, used in limited cases for quicker result

Question 13

are anaerobic bacteria harder or easier to treat?

Answer 13

harder

Question 14

[broad, narrow] spectrum antibiotics are used after the culture/sensitivity results come back

Answer 14

narrow

Question 15

MIC

Answer 15

minimum inhibitory concentration: lowest concentration needed to be bacteriostatic/cidal

Question 16

host consideration for

infants

Answer 16

high risk of toxicity

Question 17

host consideration for

children/adolescents

Answer 17

certain drugs should not be used

Question 18

host consideration for

pregnancy/lactating

Answer 18

risk to gestating parent and fetus

Question 19

top three groups of drugs with allergies

Answer 19

penicillins, cephelosporins, sulfa drugs

Question 20

host consideration for

older adults

Answer 20

heightened drug sensitivity

Question 21

when to assess ability of antibiotics to penetrate the site?

Answer 21

meningitis (blood brain barrier), abscess (walled off)

Question 22

Should a patient with foreign hardware receive bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 22

bacteriocidal – phagocytes used to attack the hardware, not just the bug.

Question 23

G6PD deficiency is related to the use of which drug class?

Answer 23

sulfa drugs

Question 24

Three ways we know antibiotics are working

Answer 24

reduction in s/s
reduction in WBC
peak and trough

Question 25

Do we typically recheck cultures to assess whether a drug is working?

Answer 25

Nope, clinical presentation is usually enough. And cultures take a long time.

Question 26

How does antibiotic resistants spread through the food supply?

Answer 26

Animals receive antibiotics prophylactically, and resistant bacteria spread to humans through ingestion and animal waste

Question 27

Can a host have resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 27

Yes, through resistance in your normal flora

Question 28

Can antibiotic resistance to a particular antibiotics spread within a host?

Answer 28

Yes, a resistant gene can be passed between bacteria

Question 29

should antibiotics be used for sore throats?

Answer 29

only in presence of bacteria -- typically strep

Question 30

MDRO

Answer 30

multi drug resistant organism

Question 31

MRSA

Answer 31

methicillin resistant staph aureus

Question 32

VRE

Answer 32

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

Question 33

ESBL

Answer 33

extended spectrum beta lactamase producers (an enzyme that makes it harder to treat)

Question 34

killing of host flora allows remaining microorganism to grow and new infection occurs

Answer 34

superinfection (or suprainfection) -- most common are c. diff and yeast.

Question 35

what side effects are caused by almost all antibiotics

Answer 35

GI distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

Question 36

Is GI distress a sign of an allergic reaction?

Answer 36

No -- rash, hives, difficulty breathing

Question 37

Are allergies dose dependent

Answer 37

no -- can have a big reaction from a small dose