Antibiotics Intro

Question 1

3 kinds of anti-infectives

Answer 1

1. antibiotics
2. antiviral
3. antifungal (fungus and yeast)

Question 2

Bacteriocidal vs bacteriostatic

Answer 2

bacteriocidal = drugs are LETHAL to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations
bacteriostatic = drugs can SLOW bacterial growth but do not cause cell death

Question 3

which is stronger? bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 3

bacteriocidal

Question 4

how are antibiotics grouped?

Answer 4

different MECHANISMS

Question 5

antibiotics have ____ toxicity

Answer 5

selective

• harmful to microbe
• harmless to human host

Question 6

what do you use with immunocompromised- bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 6

bacteriocidal

Question 7

2 times to use antibiotics

Answer 7

1. prophylaxis

2. treatment of infection

Question 8

times to use antibiotics prophylaxis

Answer 8

1. pre surgery

2. special populations: heart valves, rheumatic fever, immunocompromised

Question 9

when do you see antibiotics after surgery?

Answer 9

special issue like burst appendix

Question 10

2 types of treatment with antibiotics

Answer 10

1. empiric = treating someone on best guess

2. based on identification of specific organism

Question 11

Steps to identifying bacteria

Answer 11

1. gram + vs gram -
2. shape (bacilli, cocci, spirilla)
3. aerobic vs anaerobic
4. culture and sensitivity

Question 12

when do you take culture and sensitivity sample?

Answer 12

ideally before any anti-infectives taken

Question 13

purpose of culture and sensitivity

Answer 13

identify the pathogen and identify which antibiotic are effective in killing the bacteria

Question 14

anaerobic microorganisms

Answer 14

• deep wounds, tissues and internal organs
• abscess formation
• tissue destruction
• foul smelling pus

Question 15

anaerobic microorganisms gram?

Answer 15

gram + or gram -

Question 16

which is harder to treat? aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 16

anaerobic

Question 17

antibiotic selection steps

Answer 17

awaiting C&S - broad spectrum

C&S results back- narrow spectrum antibiotics

Question 18

what should nurse do if pt is on antibiotic not able to treat bacteria after seeing c&s results?

Answer 18

-call provider to switch

Question 19

host considerations for antibiotic selection (6)

Answer 19

1. allergy
2. ability to penetrate site
3. immunocompromised patient
4. foreign hardware in body
5. age
6. genetic factors

Question 20

allergy vs intolerance

Answer 20

allergy = itching, rash, laryngeal edema 
intolerance = nausea

Question 21

minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 21

minimum amount to provide bacterial inhibition (not death)

Question 22

antibiotic ability to penetrate site

Answer 22

meningitis (BBB)

abscess - brain and then treat

Question 23

foreign hardware and antibiotics

Answer 23

hip, knee, valves

• body starts to attack foreign material
• uses up phagocytes
• -> give bacteriocidal not bacteriostatic

Question 24

Infants and antibiotics

Answer 24

infants are high risk of toxicity

Question 25

children and adolescents and antibiotics

Answer 25

certain drugs should not be used

Question 26

pregnancy/lactating

Answer 26

risk to mom and fetus

Question 27

older adults and antibiotics

Answer 27

heightened drug sensitivity

Question 28

genetic factors and antibiotics

Answer 28

-G6PD deficiency with use of sulfonamides G6PD: condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs or the stress of infection. It is hereditary, which means it is passed down in families.

Question 29

how do we know if an abx is working?

Answer 29

clinical response: reduction of signs/sxs/fever | labs response: reduction in WBC, peak/trough levels

Question 30

are cultures collected again after treatment?

Answer 30

generally NOT

Question 31

what leads to antibiotic resistance?

Answer 31

1. agricultural/food use 2. overprescribing 3. taking improperly 4. gene mutation- passing from other bacteria

Question 32

antibiotics don't work for

Answer 32

colds, flus, vomiting, | most: coughs, ear infections, sore throats, diarrhea, cystitis

Question 33

antibiotics are needed for

Answer 33

pneumonia, UTI, sti (gonorrhea), sepsis, meningococcal meningitis

Question 34

4 resistant organisms

Answer 34

1. MDRO (multi drug resistant) 2. MRSA (methyl resistant staph aureas) 3. VRE (vanc resistant) 4. ESBL (extended spectrum beta lactamase producers)

Question 35

how do we prevent resistant organisms spreading?

Answer 35

isolation precautions

Question 36

take away points/ patient ed

Answer 36

1. only take abx when needed 2. take full course 3. cultures before administering 4. probiotics 5. assess for allergies before

Question 37

3 common abx side effects

Answer 37

1. superinfection 2. GI upset 3. allergic reaction

Question 38

common abx supeeinfections

Answer 38

candidiasis | c diff

Question 39

GI distress and abx

Answer 39

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 40

allergic reactions and abx- what do if allergic rxn

Answer 40

- assess before and monitor after admin | - stop medication if suspected, check airway, call rapid, code start

Question 41

allergic rxn are not ____ dependent

Answer 41

dose | -a little bit can cause an allergic rxn