Intro & Evolution

Question 1

What are the fundamental characteristics of life?

Answer 1

Cells, evolution, replication, information, and energy

Question 2

cHow can these characteristics be explained?

Answer 2

The theory of evolution by natural selection and the cell theory

Question 3

What is the main idea of the theory of evolution?

Answer 3

All species are related by a common ancestor, that all species descend from other, preexisting species, and that individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring

Question 4

What are the main ideas of the cell theory?

Answer 4

That all organisms are made up of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 5

What theory explains the unity and diversity of life?

Answer 5

Evolution

Question 6

What is an example of the unity of life?

Answer 6

How different species have structural similarities

Question 7

What is a theory in science?

Answer 7

An explanation for a general class of observations that is tested and supported by a lot of evidence

Question 8

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 8

A diagram which shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms and depicts the unity and diversity of life

Question 9

What is necessary for natural selection to occur?

Answer 9

Variation in a population, heritable variation, differential survival and reproduction

Question 10

What can cause variation amongst a species?

Answer 10

Mutation, selective breeding, gene flow (migration), and genetic drift

Question 11

What is differential survival and reproduction?

Answer 11

In simple terms survival of the fittest, where fitness is determined by the organism with more favorable traits which allow it to successfully reproduce at a higher rate

Question 12

Why is variation important to evolution?

Answer 12

It allows for differential survival and reproduction to occur because if there was no variation the fitness of the species would be the same for every individual

Question 13

What is an organism?

Answer 13

A living entity made up of one or more cells

Question 14

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 14

A testable statement to explain a phenomenon of a set of observations

Question 15

What is a prediction?

Answer 15

Describes a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid

Question 16

How did they test to see if all cells came from preexisting cells?

Answer 16

Used two flasks where one was sealed and the other was exposed to bacteria, found that sealed flask had no bacteria while the other one did

Question 17

What is evolution?

Answer 17

The change in the characteristics of a population over time

Question 18

What is a population?

Answer 18

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 19

What are the two conditions of natural selection?

Answer 19

• individuals within a population vary in heritable characteristics
• in a particular environment certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive or reproduce more

Question 20

What is speciation?

Answer 20

Natural selection causing species population to diverge and create a new species

Question 21

What is fitness?

Answer 21

An individuals ability to produce offspring that will survive

Question 22

What is adaption?

Answer 22

Trait that increases the fitness of individuals in a particular environment

Question 23

What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?

Answer 23

Inside cells, hereditary information is encoded in genes, which are units located inside chromosomes

Question 24

What is the hereditary material?

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

What are the four building blocks/nucleotides?

Answer 25

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 26

What is the central dogma?

Answer 26

The flow of information in cells, DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for proteins

Question 27

How do they compare phylogeny?

Answer 27

Look at rRNA and compare the similarities and differences in the sequence

Question 28

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 28

Last universal common ancestor

Question 29

What are the three fundamental groups or lineages?

Answer 29

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

Question 30

What is taxonomy?

Answer 30

The effort to make and classify organisms

Question 31

What are named groups called? Plural?

Answer 31

Taxon, plural: taxa

Question 32

What is phylum?

Answer 32

A major lineage within a domain

Question 33

What is the two part system consist of?

Answer 33

Genus, which is made up of the closet related groups of species, and the species

Question 34

What is artificial selection?

Answer 34

Changes in populations that occur when humans select certain individuals to produce the most offspring

Question 35

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 35

Specifies what should happen if the hypothesis being tested is false

Question 36

What is chemical evolution?

Answer 36

Theory that inputs of energy led to the formation of increasingly complex carbon-containing substances, ending up with a molecule that could replicate

Question 37

What is the electron sharing continuum?

Answer 37

Degree of electron sharing from equal sharing in no polar covalent bonds to complete transfer in ionic bonds

Question 38

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

Answer 38

Attraction between two like molecules, attraction between unlike molecules

Question 39

What is surface tension?

Answer 39

Cohesive force cause by attraction between the molecules at the surface of a liquid

Question 40

What do buffers do?

Answer 40

Minimize changes in pH by reducing impact of adding acids or bases on overall pH

Question 41

What is the prebiotic soup model?

Answer 41

Proposes that certain certain molecules were synthesized from gases in the atmosphere or arrived via meteors, condensed with rain and accumulated in oceans which allowed for continued construction of larger and more complex kolecuels

Question 42

What is the surface metabolism model?

Answer 42

Dissolved gases came in contact with minerals lining walls of deep sea vents and formed more complex organic molecules