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BIOL 1000 > Cellular Respiration/Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration/Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How is food converted to ATP?

A

A series of catabolic and anabolic reactions

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Collection of metabolic reactions within cells that breaks down food molecules and uses the liberated free energy to synthesize ATP

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3
Q

What are the types of cellular respiration? Differences?

A

Aerobic respiration- oxygen is final electron acceptor

Anaerobic respiration- molecule other than oxygen is final electron acceptor

Fermentation- no ETC

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4
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Involve a transfer of electrons between molecules

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5
Q

What is oxidation vs reduction?

A

Oxidation loses electron

Reduction is gainjng

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6
Q

What is the oxidizing agent vs reducing agent?

A

Oxidizing agent accepts the electron (reduced)

Reducing agent donates the electron (oxidized)

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7
Q

What do electrons travel with? This means?

A

Protons

Adding or removing hydrogen is associated with redox reactions

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8
Q

What are electron carriers? Examples in cellular respiration?

A

Molecules that accept molecules from the breakdown of glucose

NAD+—>NADH

FAD—>FADH2

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9
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria

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10
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Kreb’s/Citric acid cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
  5. Chemiosmosis
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11
Q

What are the ways ATP is made in cellular respiration? What is the difference?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
- enzyme catalyzes transfer of phosphate from high energy substrate to ADP

Oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP is created with ADP and inorganic phosphate by enzyme ATP synthase
- links oxidation of NADH +FADH2 with the phosphorylation of ATP

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12
Q

Why is cellular respiration stepwise?

A

Allows more energy to be useful and stored by electron carriers instead of being released as heat

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13
Q

What is the overall vs net production of ATP in glycolysis?

A

Overall 4

Net 2

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14
Q

What is the point of glycolysis?

A

Split glide into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate

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15
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis? What is the purpose?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated

makes it more reactive

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16
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Play role in removing phosphate from ATP

turning ATP to ADP

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17
Q

What happens after glucose is phosphorylated in glycolysis?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate is rearranged into fructose 6-phosphate

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18
Q

What do isomerases do?

A

Rearrange molecules without removing anything

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19
Q

What happens after glucose is rearranged into fructose? What is purpose?

A

It is phosphorylated again to make fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Makes it so reactive it has to continue to the next step

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20
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycolysis? Why?

A

Phosphorylating fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-biphosphate because the reaction can’t proceed without it and you can’t undo this step

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21
Q

What is phosphofructokinase?

A

Catalyzes removal of phosphate from atp and making fructose 1,6-biphosphate

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22
Q

What happens after fructose 1,6-biphosphate is created in glycolysis?

A

It splits and turns into 1 G3P and 1 DHAP which is then converted to G3P with isomerase

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23
Q

How many G3P are produced by one glucose molecule?

A

2 G3P

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24
Q

When is DHAP converted to G3P?

A

When we need more energy

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25
Q

What is the difference in function between mutase and isomerase?

A

Nothing

Same function

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26
Q

What happens after 2 G3P are produced in glycolysis?

A

Rearranged to make one 2-phosphoglycerate per G3P

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27
Q

What happens after 2-phosphoglycerate is produced in glycolysis?

A

One water is removed per molecule and it is turned into a PEP molecule

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28
Q

What happens after PEP molecule is produced?

A

One ATP is produced per PEP molecule and it produced pyruvate

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29
Q

How is ATP produced during glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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30
Q

Is carbon lost is glycolysis?

A

No

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31
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

2 NADH and 2 H+

2 ATP

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32
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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33
Q

What happens after glycolysis is in aerobic conditions?

A

Pyruvate oxidation

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34
Q

Why is pyruvate oxidation important?

A

Transitions between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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35
Q

What is the production of pyruvate oxidation per pyruvate? What about total?

A

1 acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2 per pyruvate

2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2CO2

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36
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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37
Q

What is produced per acetyl-CoA? (Per turn)

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

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38
Q

What is the first step of the kreb’s cycle?

A

The two carbon acetyl CoA is added to the four carbon oxaloacetate to create the 6 carbon citrate

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39
Q

Why is CoA released only to be added back later?

A

Allows oxaloacetate to join and form citrate by releasing energy

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40
Q

What happens after citrate is produced in the citric acid cycle? What is the enzyme used?

A

Citrate is rearranged into isocitrate (no carbon lost)

Isomerase

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41
Q

What happens after isocitrate is produced in the Kreb’s cycle

A

Dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogens and adds them to NAD+ to create NADH

One carbon is released as CO2

Forms alpha-ketoglutarate

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42
Q

What happens after alpha ketoglutarate is produced in the kreb’s cycle?

A

Another dehydrogenase reduces NAD+ to NADH

another carbon is lost as co2

CoA-SH removed from acetyl CoA is added

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43
Q

What happens after succinyl CoA is produced in the Kreb’s cycle

A

CoA is released

Phosphate is added which turns GDP to GTP and then phosphate is given from GTP to ADP to make 1 ATP

Produces succinate

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44
Q

What happens after succinate is produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase removes 2 e- and 2 H+ which are used to reduce FAD to FADH2

Produces fumarate

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45
Q

What happens after funerals is produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Water is added and bonds are rearranged

Produces malate

46
Q

What happens after malate is produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2e- and 2H+ and used to reduce NAD+ to NADH

Oxaloacetate is recreated

47
Q

Why is it necessary that we produce oxaloacetate as the last step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Because it’s a reactant in the first step

Cycle

48
Q

Why is CO2 produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

because in order to continue the cycle we need to remake oxaloacetate which has 4 carbons

49
Q

Where is the energy released by cellular respiration stored?

A

NADH FADH2 ATP

50
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? Does it produce ATP?

A

create a proton gradient

no

51
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

a series of integral membrane proteins that are located in the inner membrane of a mitochondria

involved in transferring protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space

52
Q

What is the intermembrane space>

A

space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria

53
Q

What is the role of ubiquinone and cytochrome c is the ETC?

A

transport electrons between the complexes

54
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? What happens if missing?

A

oxygen

process stops

55
Q

What complexes does ubiquinone transport between? What about cytochrome c?

A

takes electrons from complex 1 and 2 and transports them to complex 3

takes electrons from complex 3 and brings them to complex 4

56
Q

What is the proton gradient created by the ETC used for?

A

chemiosmosis (ATP production)

57
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

potential energy due to the concentration gradient (pH) of protons and the charge gradient (voltage) across the membrane

58
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

harnessing the energy
present in the proton gradient to drive
chemical reactions (ATP production)

59
Q

How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

60
Q

What are the parts of ATP synthase?

A

Stator, rotor, catalytic knob

61
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

H+ protons enter the stator and attach to the binding site of the rotor, this causes a conformational change

this shape change causes the rotor to spin

this spinning activates the catalytic sites in the knob which catalyzes the production of ATP

62
Q

What factors affect proton motive force?

A
  1. gradient being used for other work (Transport NADH and pyruvate)
  2. H+ flows back into the matrix
  3. ETC inhibitors
63
Q

Is glucose the only molecule that can feed into the processes of cellular respiration?

A

no

proteins and fats can also
be broken down and brought
in at different parts of the
cellular respiration process

64
Q

What is ATP an allosteric inhibitor and a substrate for?

A

phosphofructokinase

65
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase? Why is it important?

A

ATP and citrate

excess energy is not produced

66
Q

What is fermentation? What are the types?

A

anaerobic pathway, happens after glycolysis when pyruvate oxidation cannot occur

Ethanol and lactic acid

67
Q

What is alcohol (ethanol) fermentation? Where does this occur?

A

after glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to ethanol, creates 2 ATP per glucose molecule

occurs in bacteria and yeast

68
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy

69
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

water is oxidized and co2 is reduced

70
Q

Where will you find pyruvate, ETC, Kreb’s cycle, proton gradient, and ATP synthase?

A

matrix
inner membrane
matrix
intermembrane space
inner membrane

71
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

light-dependent reaction, light-independent reactions

72
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction and light-independent reactions occur?

A

chloroplast thylakoids

stroma

73
Q

Is the colour we see the light we absorbed?

A

no, it is the light reflected

74
Q

Does every pigment absorb every pigment at the same efficiency?

A

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths optimally

75
Q

What are the photosynthetic pigments? What colours do they not absorb?

A

Chlorophyll a: does not absorb green
Chlorophyll b: does not absorb green
Carotenoid: does not absorb yellow-orange

76
Q

What is the difference between the action vs absorption spectrum?

A

action shows rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light including all pigments

absorption shows the absorption rate of a pigment at different wavelengths

77
Q

Why the wavelength absorption vary between pigments?

A

structure of pigments

78
Q

What is ground state?

A

lowest (normal) energy state of an atom (electron)

79
Q

What happens when a photon is absorbed?

A

electron gets excited and jumps from ground state to a higher energy orbital but they eventually return to ground state

80
Q

What three pathways can occur after an electron is excited?

A
  1. They return to ground state without energy transfer. The energy
    is released as a low-energy photon or heat
  2. The energy is transferred to another pigment before returning to
    ground state
  3. A high energy electron is transferred to an electron acceptor
81
Q

What is the difference between photosystems I and II?

A

photosystem I: chlorophyll a in reaction centre is called P700, absorption maximum is 700nm

photosystem II: chlorophyll a in reaction centre is called P680, absorption maximum is 680nm

82
Q

What does a photosystem consist of?

A

large antenna complex of pigments that surrounds a central reaction centre

83
Q

What happens when a photon hits a photosystem?

A

photon is absorbed by pigment in the antenna complex

energy is transferred to a pair of chlorophyll a, and then to the primary electron acceptor called pheophytin in the reaction centre

electron is then transferred to the ETC

84
Q

Which pigments are found in the antenna complex?

A

chlorophyll b and carotenoids

85
Q

How are the electrons released from chlorophyll a replaced?

A

splitting two water molecules, what releases O2

86
Q

Where does the splitting of water occur in photosynthesis?

A

photosystem II

87
Q

What is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+ which is reduced to NADPH

88
Q

Where is the ETC located in chloroplasts?

A

thylakoid membrane

89
Q

What would happen if NADPH was low?

A

ETC would slow down or stop

90
Q

What does plastoquinone do?

A

helps move electrons along the thylakoid membrane

91
Q

What happens in photosynthesis as electrons are passed along? What prevents this?

A

they lose energy

photons are absorped which excites the electrons

92
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the light dependent reactions?

A

NADP+

93
Q

Is ATP stored? Why or why not?

A

no

unstable

94
Q

How can lipids and proteins be used in cellular respiration?

A

Lipids: fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA and glycerol can enter glycolysis

Protein: amino groups are removed and the remaining carbon compound is converted to pyruvate, acetyl CoA, etc

95
Q

Approximately how many ATP is produced per NADH and FADH2?

A

NADH makes 3 and FADH2 makes 2

96
Q

What are the yields of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation ordered from higher to lowest?

A

aerobic>anaerobic>fermentation

97
Q

What are the similarities and differences of fermentation and anaerobic respiration?

A

similarities:
both don’t require oxygen and both produce ATP

differences:
nearly every organism can perform fermentation but only certain prokaryotes perform anaerobic, in anaerobic glucose is turned into CO2 and in fermentation glucose is turned into an organic molecule, anaerobic also makes more ATP

98
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

use of light energy in order to generate ATP

99
Q

Why are electrons not directly transported to NADP+?

A

2 photons are required to overcome the energy difference between NADPH and H2O

100
Q

What is linear electron transport?

A

electrons are transferred from water to NADP via the electron transport chain to produce one NADPH and one ATp

101
Q

What is cyclic electron transport?

A

moves protons across the thylakoid membrane without the involvement of photosystem II

energy absorbed from light is converted into ATP without reducing NADP+

102
Q

What are the light independent reactions?

A

Calvin cycle, doesn’t require light

103
Q

What is needed to make one glucose?

A

2 G3P, 6 Co2, 18 ATP, 12 NADPH

104
Q

How many CO2 enter the calvin cycle at a time?

A

1

105
Q

What are the 3 stages of the calvin cycle? What happens?

A

carbon fixation: RuBP joins w/CO2 with help from Rubisco to form 3PGA

reduction: uses 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to make G3P

regeneration: one g3p leaves the cell and the others are used to regenerate RuBP (requires ATP)

106
Q

How many turns of the calvin cycle does it take to make 1 G3P? Glucose?

A

3

6

107
Q

What is the difference between oxygenic and a anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Oxygenic produces oxygen as a waste product because water is split to give electrons to photosystem and released as waste

108
Q

What does ferrodoxin do?

A

Reduced by electrons from PSI and can transfer electrons to enzyme that catalyzes formation of NADPH

109
Q

Where do the electrons from photosystem II and I do?

A

PSII: make proton gradient

PSI: make NADPH

110
Q

What does plastocyanin do?

A

Takes electrons from cytochrome complex and donates them to reaction center in photosystem I

BIOL 1000 (12 decks)

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