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BIOL 1000 > Energy and Enzymes > Flashcards

Energy and Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work or cause change

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2
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

Total internal energy of a system

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3
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy due to location or chemical structures

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4
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy associated with motion

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5
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another

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6
Q

What forms of kinetic energy exist?

A

Thermal, electrical, light, chemical

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7
Q

How do chemical reactions in the body provide energy?

A

Breaking of bonds releases energy and building bonds stored energy

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8
Q

What are some examples of breaking bonds in our bodies releasing energy?

A

Glycolysis and atp converting to adp

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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10
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Breakdown complex molecules into simpler compounds

Release energy (exergonic)

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11
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Use simple molecules to build complex ones

Use energy (endergonic)

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12
Q

What is the energy released during a catabolic reaction used for?

A

To power anabolic reactions and used by other moleucles

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13
Q

What is the energy that is released by not used by anabolic reactions use?

A

Some energy becomes unusable and contributes to other things the body needs like heat

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14
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The entropy of a system and the surroundings will increase, energy will always spread out

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15
Q

What are homotherms?

A

Use heat to maintain internal temperature

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16
Q

What is something that helps keep internal temperature correct?

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

What is Gibbs free energy?

A

The amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

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18
Q

What is equation for delta G?

A

Free energy in products minus free energy of reactants

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19
Q

What is entropy?

A

Measure of disorder or energy dispersal in a ssystem

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20
Q

Total entropy of a system and it’s surroundings always? Why?

A

Increases, energy tends to disperse from being localized to becoming spread out

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21
Q

Examples that cause an entropy increases?

A
  1. Increase in volume (phase change)
  2. Increase in number (catabolic reaction)
  3. Increase in molecular random motion (heat release)
22
Q

In an anabolic reaction what happens to enthalpy and entropy?

A

Enthalpy increases and entropy decreases

23
Q

In a catabolic reaction what happens to enthalpy and entropy?

A

Enthalpy decreases and entropy increases

24
Q

What does a positive delta G mean?

A

More free energy in products than reactants, energy is used (put into system), endergonic (anabolic), system more stable at starting point, not spontaneous, change in enthalpy is greater than zero and change in entropy is less than zero

25
Q

What does a negative delta G mean?

A

Products have less free energy than reactants, energy released, exergonic (catabolic), system begins in less stable state, spontaneous, change in enthalpy is less than zero and change in entropy is greater than zero

26
Q

How can you find the overall change in free energy?

A

Look at each individual reaction and add them together

27
Q

Where is the most free energy stored in ATP?

A

The bond between the second and third phosphate group

28
Q

How much energy is released during ATP hydrolysis?

A

30.5 kj/mol or 7.3 kcal/mol

29
Q

How is the energy released during atp hydrolysis transferred to a substrate? What does this usually cause?

A

Phosphorylation (adding a phosphate group), change in shape

30
Q

What is a coupled reaction? Example?

A

Reaction where one drives the other reaction, exergonic reactions drive endergonic ones

31
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Initial energy required to start a reaction (even if spontaneous)

32
Q

What are enzymes? What do they do?

A

Proteins that increase the rate (catalyze) of chemical reactions, lower the activation energy

33
Q

What is transition state?

A

Unstable intermediate condition

34
Q

What is substrate specificity?

A

How the shape of the enzyme and substrate allows enzymes to specifically recognize and bind substrates

35
Q

What happens to the rate of a chemical reaction if the activation energy is decreased?

A

It increases

36
Q

What are the three major mechanisms for lowering activation energy?

A

Bring reactants together, create environment that promotes reaction, changing the shape of substrate to make more reactive

37
Q

How does the concentration of substrate and enzyme affect the rate of reaction?

A

Rate plateaus when all enzymes are saturated with substrate, if high concentration of substrate need more enzymes and vice versa

38
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Inhibiting molecule will bind to active site preventing the substrate from bonding, they compete with substrate for active site

39
Q

What is non competitive inhibition?

A

Inhibiting binds to enzyme, not to active site, causing a change in shape of the active site, causes enzyme to not work anymore

40
Q

What are allosteric enzymes?

A

Usually composed of two or more polypeptides and alternate between active and inactive form

41
Q

What is allosteric activation? Where do they bind?

A

Non competitive binding of molecules to an enzyme to increase affinity or to induce the formation of the substrate binding site, allosteric site

42
Q

What is allosteric inhibition? Where do they bind?

A

Non competitive binding of molecules to an enzyme to decrease affinity, allosteric site

43
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases with temperature

44
Q

Is the optimal temperatures for enzymes the same for all of them?

A

No each have individual optimal temperaute

45
Q

Explain why in Siamese cats they only have colour in paws, tail, and face?

A

Because the mutant enzymes for the melanin loses function at warm temperatures so it works better the further away from the torso it is

46
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes work optimally at a specific pH

47
Q

What are cofactors? What do they do? What can they be?

A

Molecules other than proteins, bind to help or cause shape changes sometimes have a charge, inorganic metal ions or organic

48
Q

What are intermediates in a metabolic pathway?

A

Both product and a reactant

49
Q

What happens in metabolic pathways when there is not enough product?

A

It is active and enzymes work to produce product

50
Q

What happens in metabolic pathways when there is enough product?

A

Binds to allosteric site to make enzyme inactive to stop temporarily production

51
Q

How does temperature affect metabolic rate?

A

Increases metabolic rate until a certain point when proteins and enzymes start to denature and lose functionality

52
Q

What can cause a protein to denature?

A

Extreme temperature, pH, or salinity

BIOL 1000 (12 decks)

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