Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1000 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

In mitosis how are daughter cells genetically similar to eachother and the parent cells?

A

identical to each other and parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you solve the number of cells after ā€œnā€ amount of divisions?

A

2^n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?

A

s phase of interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

produce microtubules to pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many daughter cells are created in meiosis vs mitosis?

A

4 gametes vs 2 daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many chromosomes do the daughter cells in meiosis receive vs mitosis?

A

in meiosis the number of chromosomes is halved but it remains constant in mitosis (23 in meiosis 46 in mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In meiosis how are daughter cells genetically similar to each other and the parent cells?

A

they are different from each other and the parent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the variable used to represent the number of different chromosomes? If we have two sets of chromosomes what is the equation?

A

n (haploid number)

2 x n = 2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ploidy mean?

A

number of sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are genes arranged on chromosomes?

A

arranged linearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are alleles of the same gene located?

A

same spot on each chromosome in the homologous chromosome pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is synapsis

A

Where homologous chromosomes pair up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is recombination?

A

after synapsis the homolgous chromosomes switch segments of DNA with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does recombination occur?

A

in meiosis and homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is recombination a source of?

A

genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a chiasma?

A

a site where recombination is happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do chromosomes influence the segregation of another?

A

no, independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What equation gives you the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in a 2n organism?

A

2^n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes a source of?

A

genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is seperated in meiosis I vs meiosis II?

A

in meiosis 1 the homologous chromosomes are separated, in meiosis 2 the sister chromatids are seperated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the combination of gametes during fertilization a source of?

A

genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation?

A

recombination, independent assortment of homologous chromosomes, combination of gametes

26
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

failure of chromosomes seperate during either meiosis I or meiosis II

27
Q

How many daughter cells are incorrect if nondisjunction happens during meiosis I? How can you find the number of chromatids in each daughter cell after meiosis II if one set of chromosomes was a mistake?

A

4 are incorrect

n-1, n-1, n+1, n+1

28
Q

How many daughter cells are incorrect if nondisjuntion happens during meiosis II? How can you find the number of chromatids in each daughter cell if one set of chromosomes was a mistake?

A

2 are incorrect

n+1, n-1

29
Q

How many chromosomes do euploids have?

A

normal number of chromosomes

30
Q

How many chromosomes do aneuploids have?

A

extra or missing chromosomes

31
Q

How many chromosomes do polyploids have?

A

extra set of all chromosomes

32
Q

What are some chromosome alterations?

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

33
Q

What is deletion?

A

removal of a chromosome segment

34
Q

What is duplication?

A

segment of chromosome is repeated

35
Q

What is an inversion?

A

segment is reversed

36
Q

What is translocation?

A

segment of chromosome switches with a segment from a nonhomologous chromosome

37
Q

What is cell division? Does parent cell exist after division?

A

dividing of one cell into two, no

38
Q

What are the different types of cell division?

A

binary fission, mitosis, meiosis

39
Q

What is cell division used for?

A

reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal or repair

40
Q

What are the sub-phases of interphase called?

A

G1, S, G2

41
Q

What does G1 stand for? What happens during this phase?

A

first gap, cell grows and produces more proteins and organelles (proteins needed for DNA replication)

42
Q

What does S stand for? What happens during this phase?

A

synthesis, DNA replicated and the rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis will decrease except for histones

43
Q

What does G2 stand for? What happens during this phase?

A

second gap, cell grows more in preparation for division, only things needed for division will be produced

44
Q

What is the difference between karyokinesis and cytokinesis?

A

karyokinesis is mitosis and its the seperated of the DNA, cytokinesis is the seperation of the entire cell

45
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have? How many different chromosomes do we have?

A

46, 23 different ones

46
Q

How many different chromosomes do you have after replication?

A

still 23, only increase number of copies not the number of unique chromosomes

47
Q

When are chromosomes recognizable? Why?

A

during mitosis, histones package the DNA tightly for division

48
Q

What does condensin protein do?

A

further packs heterochromatin

49
Q

What is the region where sister chromatids are attached called? What proteins attach them at this region?

A

centromere, cohesin proteins

50
Q

Do sister chromatids always have the same genes and alleles? What about homologous chromosomes?

A

sister chromatids have same gene and allele, homologous chromosomes have same gene but not always same allele

51
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes, mitotic spindles begin to form as microtubules develop from the centrosomes, centrosomes move toward cellular poles

52
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

nuclear membrane starts to breakdown, kinetochore proteins form at centromere, mitotic spindle continues to form as microtubules elongate and centrosomes are pushed towards the poles, some of these microtubules attach to kinetochores

53
Q

Where do microtubules attach to?

A

kinetochore proteins

54
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up along metaphase plate, mitotic spindle is complete, kinetochore protein on each sister chromatid is attached to microtubules

55
Q

WHat is the difference between centromeres and kinetochores?

A

region on the chromosome where sister chromatids attach tightly, form at the centromere and bind spindle microtubules

56
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

proteins holding sister chromatids together are cleaved, pulled apart and moved to opposite ends of cell using motor proteins, microtubules attached to chromatids reduce in length, cell lengthens in preparation for division

57
Q

What enzyme cleaves the proteins holding sister chromatids together?

A

separase

58
Q

What is the difference in kinetochore microtubules and non-kinetochore microtubules?

A

first ones attach to kinetochores and move chromatids towards poles, second ones are not attached and overlap to push the cell and lengthen it to prepare for cytokinesis

59
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

two nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to decondense, mitotic spindle is completely reduced, cytoplasm begins to divide (cleavage furrowing/cell plate)

60
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in animal cells vs plant cells?

A

actin and myosin form a contractile ring and contract till cell divides

new membrane called cell plate forms at the cellular midline, develops into plasma membrane and cell wall

61
Q

What are the three checkpoints?

A

G1 checkpoint (checks if all components needed for replication are there), G2 checkpoint (has DNA made correctly replicated, things for mitosis are there), and M checkpoint (check before anaphase, are they attached to microtubules)

62
Q

What are things that are checked at every checkpoint?

A

Favorable environmental conditions,
everything that should have occurred has occurred, no components (e.g. DNA) are damaged

BIOL 1000 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions