Intro

Question 1

early cell cleavage

Answer 1

fertilised egg -> morula (solid) -> blastula (cavity) -> gastrula (multilayered cells)

Question 2

important moments in embryogenesis

Answer 2

morulation - formation of morula, cell cleavage

blastulation - blastula formed

gastrulation - gastrula formed, germ cell layers, mesoderm and coelom, fate

Question 3

Cell cleavage (morula)

Answer 3

Radial

spiral

Question 4

Germ cell layers (gastrula)

Answer 4

diploblastic -
2 cell layers 
ectoderm (out)
endoderm (in)
Gastrovascular cavity [digestion, circulation]

Tripoblastic - 
3 cell layers 
ectoderm 
mesoderm 
endoderm
= Coelom

Question 5

coelom and mesoderm

Answer 5

main body cavity

contains digestive tract and other organs

Question 6

types of coelom

Answer 6

shizocoelom -
mesoderm originates from solid mass of migrated cells

enterocoelom -
mesoderm originates from wall of embryonic gut

Question 7

Gastrulation: blastopore becomes

Answer 7

mouth
anus
both

Question 8

taxon

Answer 8

group of related organisms

Question 9

clade

Answer 9

grouping which unites all taxa descended from common ancestor

Question 10

phylogeny

Answer 10

evolutionary relationship between taxa

based on morphology or genetics

Question 11

phylogenetic tree

Answer 11

diagram representing phylogeny

Question 12

heirarchy of ranks

D K P C O F G S

Answer 12

help to understand phylogeny (evolutionary relationships)

Question 13

describing trees

Answer 13

want to say ‘share common ancestor’ not ‘x evolved into x’

further down tree ‘basal’, ‘crown’ or ‘derived’ species

Question 14

Clade = monophyletic group

Answer 14

common ancestor all its descendants

Question 15

paraphyletic group

Answer 15

common ancestor. some of its descendants

Question 16

polyphyletic

Answer 16

doesn’t include common ancestor (error)