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Animal kingdom > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Development of the vertebrate jaw in the Silurian Period
  2. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes do not share many common features
  3. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) are the sharks, rays, and dogfish
  4. Osteichthyes (bony fish) have two main groups

Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish

Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish
Of which the Teleosti contains 96% of all species

A

..

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2
Q

summary

Development of the vertebrate jaw in the

A

Silurian Period

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3
Q

summary

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes do not share many

A

common features

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4
Q

summary

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) are the

A

sharks, rays, and dogfish

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5
Q

summary

Osteichthyes (bony fish) have two main groups

A
  1. Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish
  2. Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish
    Of which the Teleosti contains 96% of all species
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6
Q

What is a fish ?

2 points

A
  1. A gnathostome vertebrate

Vertebrata divided into the Agnatha (jawless) and the Gnathostomata (jaw-mouths)

  1. Gnathostomata
    2 lineages
    Chondrichthyes
    Osteichthyes
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7
Q

tetrapods and bonyfish (Osteichthyes)

2 points

A
  1. tetrapods shared common ancestor with bony fish
  2. Tetrapods are therefore a member of the clade that contains the bony fish
    i. e. we are all fish
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8
Q

Gnathostoma

2 points / divisions

A
  1. Chondrichthyes
    (AGr khondros = “cartilage” + ikhthus = “fish”)
  2. Osteichthyes
    (AGr osteon= “bone” + ikhthus = “fish”)

Actinopterygii
(AGr. aktis = “ray” + pterux = “fin”)

Sarcopterygii
(AGr. sarx = “flesh” + pterux = “fin”)

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9
Q

vertebrate jaw evolution

4 points

A
  1. Vertebrate jaw probably evolved in the Silurian Period (444-419 Mya)
  2. Driven by respiration efficiency rather than feeding
  3. Jaw and hyoid developed from the first two pharyngeal arches
  4. “Age of Fishes” – Devonian (419-359 Mya)1.
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10
Q

Body plan
Chondrichthyes vs Osteichthyes

  1. Position of mouth
  2. Body shape
  3. Exoskeleton
  4. Endoskeleton
  5. Caudal fin
  6. Pelvic fins
A
  1. Ventral
    Anterior
  2. Usually dorso-ventrally flattened
  3. Usually laterally flattened
    Dermal corset, separate placoid scales
    Overlapping dermal scales
  4. Cartilaginous
    Mostly bony
  5. Heterocercal
    Homocercal or diphycercal
  6. Usually posterior
    Mostly anterior
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11
Q

Respiration and Circulation
Chondrichthyes
5 points

A
  1. 5 pairs of gill slits
  2. First gill slit usually adapted into a spiracle behind eye
  3. Plate-like gills separated by septa (“walls”)
  4. may have gill rakers
  5. Ram ventilation – swim with mouth open
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12
Q

Respiration and Circulation
Osteichthyes
3 points

A
  1. 5 pairs of gill slits protected by an operculum
  2. Hair-like gills
  3. Water pumped over gills
    Two phase action, buccal and opercular
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13
Q

Thermoregulation
Chondrichthyes
5 points

A
  1. Most are poikilothermic
  2. Behavioural thermoregulation
  3. Homoeothermy found in mackerel sharks and allies
    White shark, mako shark
  4. Raise temperature in brain and eye
  5. Better vision
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14
Q

Thermoregulation
Osteichthyes
7 points

A
  1. Most are poikilothermic
  2. Some can maintain muscles at higher than environmental temperature
  3. Fast-swimming fish
  4. Polar fish
  5. Raise temperature in brain and eye
  6. Better vision
  7. Marlin and swordfish
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15
Q

Digestion and Excretion
Chondrichthyes
4 points

A
  1. Mouth ventral to head
  2. J-shaped stomach
  3. Short intestine with spiral valve
  4. Common urinogenital aperture leads to a cloaca
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16
Q

Digestion and Excretion
Osteichthyes
4 points

A
  1. Mouth anterior to head
  2. Variable shaped-stomach
  3. Long intestine without valve
  4. Separate anus, urinary and genital apertures
17
Q

Nervous system and senses
Chondrichthyes
4 points

A
  1. Brain
    large olfactory lobes and cerebrum
    Small optic lobes and cerebellum
  2. Monochromatic vision
  3. Naturally far-sighted
  4. Ampullae of Lorenzini
    electroreceptors
18
Q

Nervous system and senses
Osteichthyes
7 points

A
  1. Brain
    small olfactory lobes and cerebrum
    large optic lobes and cerebellum
  2. Colour vision
  3. Naturally near-sighted
  4. Chemoreception
  5. Lateral line
  6. Currents and vibrations
  7. Auditory senses via swim bladder
19
Q

Reproduction

Chondrichthyes

A
  1. Ovoviviparous and oviparous
    Egg cases
  2. Internal fertilisation
    Males have pelvic fins adapted into claspers for sperm transfer
  3. Dioecious
20
Q

Reproduction
Osteichthyes
5 points

A
  1. Most are oviparous
  2. External fertilisation
  3. Dioecious
  4. Simultaneous hermaphroditism
    Deep sea fish
  5. Sequential hermaphroditism
    Protandry (male first)
    Protogyny (female first) is more common
21
Q

Buoyancy

Chondrichthyes

A
  1. Rely on fatty liver to give neutral buoyancy

Up to 25% of body weight

22
Q

Buoyancy
Osteichthyes
2 points

A
  1. Bodies are denser than water
  2. Swim bladder
    Absent in fast-swimming fishes
    Open in some fish, acting like a lung
    Closed in most – gas exchange via a net of blood vesses
23
Q

Locomotion

3 point

A 
1. Anguilliform
Move most of the post-head body
2. Carangiform
Move about half the body
3. Ostraciiform
Inflexible body, move just tail
24
Q

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish (Teleostei)

A
  1. Moveable premaxilla – can protrude jaws
  2. Homocercal tail with equal-sized lobes
  3. Tend to be lighter and more flexible than more basal fish
25
Q

Osteichthyes

Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned fish

A
  1. Fleshy, lobed paired fins joined to the body by a single bone
  2. Homologous to the femur
    Two dorsal fins with separate bases
  3. Teeth covered with true enamel

Actinistia
Dipnoi
Tetrapodomorpha

26
Q

Amphibious lifestyles
Gaseous Exchange
5 points

A
  1. Gas exchange through skin, mucous membrane in mouth (mudskippers)
  2. Labyrinth organs on gill arches (gouramies)
  3. Respire through air in digestive tract or swim bladder (minnows and carp)
  4. Lungs connected to the pharynx without a trachea (lungfish)
  5. Homologous to the lungs of tetrapods
27
Q

Amphibious lifestyles
Locomotion
2 points

A
  1. Springing, undulation, tripod-like walking

2. Bichirs, mudskippers, catfish, eels

Animal kingdom (14 decks)

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