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Animal kingdom > Ecdysozoa > Flashcards

Ecdysozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropoda and allies (ecysozoa)

Bilateria

3 points

A
  1. directional
  2. 3 layers of cells
  3. complete digestive tract (mouth and anus)
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2
Q

Arthropoda and allies (ecdysozoa)

Protostomia

A
  1. blastopore becomes mouth
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3
Q

Ecdysozoa

4 points

A
  1. grow my ecdysis (moulting exoskeleton)
  2. Lack locomotory cilia
  3. Amoeboid sperm
  4. “teeth” within the foregut (basal)
  5. Ring of spines around the mouth (basal)
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4
Q

classfication (online)

A

super phylum: ecdysozoa

Phylums: 
Nematoda 
Onychophora 
Tardigrada 
& others not the focus
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5
Q

Priapulida (or penis worms) - not the focus

3 points

A
  1. burrow in slime mouths open
  2. predators soft bodied invertabrates
  3. cuticle warty and superficially segmented (not tissue deep)
  4. body divided into presoma: barrel shaped, can be retracted into trunk, spiny region about mouth
    trunk: spiny
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6
Q

Kinorhyncha - not the focus

6 points

A
  1. live in mud or sand
  2. feed on organic detritus or diatoms
  3. segments
  4. chitinous cuticle
  5. head invertible covered in circlets of spines
  6. move by thrusting head forward and contracting body. spines anchors
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7
Q

nematoda (round worms or thread worms) - focus

basics

4 points

A
  1. over half od species parasitic
  2. elongate, spindle shapes - adapted for interstitial spaces
  3. sensory system well developed
  4. oral stylet (piercing needle)
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8
Q

nematoda - focus

feeding

3 points

A
  1. saprophage - dead organic matter
  2. herbivores - pierce plant suck contents. some crop pests
  3. predators - target soft bodied slow moving prey
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9
Q

nematoda - focus

parasites

4 points

A
  1. intestinal nematodes - human infections
  2. filarial nematodes - filarisis and related diseases
  3. can be used in pest control
  4. hookworms, pinworms, whipworms (Can live with unless a lot)
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10
Q

nematomorpha (horsehair or gordian worms) - not focus

8 points

A
  1. Free living in fresh water as adults
  2. Larvae are parasites of arthropods
  3. Extreme hair-like body, thick cuticle
  4. No excretory or digestive system
  5. Larvae absorb food directly from host
  6. Adults survive on stored energy reserves
  7. Parasite-mediated behaviour modification
    Causes hosts to drown themselves
  8. Adults emerge often with explosive force
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11
Q

Loricifera - not focus

A
  1. sediment living
  2. protective outer lorica
  3. invertable spiny head with oral stylets
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12
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

body plan

4 points

A
  1. Thin, flexible cuticle of chitin
  2. Worm-like segmented body
  3. Each segment has a pair of clawed, lobe-like legs
  4. Head made of three segments:
    Appendages modified into antennae, jaws, and papillae
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13
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

respiration

3 points

A
  1. Tracheal respiratory system
  2. Spiracles -
    Openings on body surface
    Lead into tufts of tracheal tubes
  3. Trachae -
    Unbranched
    Lead straight to organs
    May be supported by chitin strands
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14
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

circulation

3 points

A
  1. Haemocoel -
    Body cavity filled with haemolymph (‘blood’)
    Partitioned into sinuses
  2. Haemolymph carries nutrients only, not oxygen
  3. Contractile heart plus body movements help circulate the haemolymph
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15
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

nervous system

3 points

A
  1. Paired ventral nerve cords -
    Connected by commissural nerves
    No true ganglia (congregations of nerve bodies) in segments
  2. Antennae are principal sense organs -
    Tactile
    Hydroreceptors (detect water vapour)
  3. Simple eyes at the base of the antennae
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16
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

Digestion and excretion

4 points

A
  1. Foregut is chitin-lined -
    Dilated pharynx
    Narrow oesophagus
  2. Midgut
    Fills most of body cavity
  3. Hindgut
    Very short
  4. Each segment has -
    a pair of metanephridia
    (Primitive coiled kidneys)

its own external pore

17
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

reproduction

3 points

A
  1. Females larger than males
  2. Indirect internal fertilisation:
    Male produces spermatophores
    Inserted into female gonopore
  3. Live-bearing (viviparous) or egg-laying (oviparous) species
18
Q

Onychophora (velvet worms) - focus

ecology

A
  1. Tropical and sub-tropical and wet temperate distribution
  2. Specialised for life in leaf-litter
  3. Papillae on head:
    Slime glands = nets of strong, stretchy threads
    Defence
    Capture of prey
  4. Some species form social groups:
    Female dominated
    Live and hunt together
    Aggressively defend territory from other groups
19
Q

Tardigrada (water bears) - focus

Bodyplan

4 points

A
  1. Four body segments
    Each segment has paired appendages
    Mostly head; missing the genes that form the trunk in other segmented animals.
  2. Exoskeleton, often divided into segmental plates
  3. No respiratory system
    Diffusion of oxygen from water across body surface
  4. Haemocoel
    Function uncertain other than hydrostatic skeleton
20
Q

Tardigrada (water bears) - focus

nervous system

5 points

A
  1. Large dorsal brain
    three median lobes
    Two lateral lobes
  2. Double ventral nerve cord
  3. Segmental ganglia
  4. Eye spots
    Light sensitivity
  5. Hairs on body and legs
    Contact chemo-reception
    Mechano-reception
21
Q

Tardigrada (water bears) - focus

digestion and excretion

3 points

A
  1. Liquid feeders using stylets to pierce plant cells or animal prey
    Within a buccal cavity
  2. Pharynx
    sucking
  3. Three tubular glands associated with rectum
    May be associated with excretion
22
Q

Tardigrada (water bears) - focus

Reproduction

3 points

A
  1. Separate sexes but females predominate
  2. Aquatic
    Females moult before egg deposition
    Males inject sperm into old cuticle before female emerges
    Eggs fertilised in space between old cuticle and female’s body
    Old cuticle becomes an egg case
  3. Semi-aquatic species
    Internal fertilisation
23
Q

Tardigrada (water bears) - focus

Ecology

A
  1. Cryptobiosis
  2. Most of a tardigrade’s life spent in a desiccated ‘tun’
    Resistant to extreme temperatures and pressures, air, water and food deprivation, and radiation
24
Q

Arthropoda - intro

basics

5 points

A
  1. Segmented animals
    Each segment has jointed appendages, usually specialised in function
  2. Exoskeleton
  3. Haemocoel (blood-filled cavity)
    Replaces coelom of embryo
  4. Dorsal heart
  5. Ventral nerve trunks
25
Q

Arthropoda - intro

exoskeleton

2 points

A
  1. Rigid skeleton:
    Provides protection and muscle attachment

Limits growth, restricts diffusion / excretion, reduces external stimuli

  1. Laminated. Muscle layers of worms

Epicuticle – wax and tanned proteins

Exocuticle – chitin, pigments, thickened

Endocuticle – chitin, flexible

26
Q

Arthropoda - intro

Circulation

3 points

A
  1. Haemocoel divided into sinuses
  2. Haemolymph
    Bathes tissues
    Primarily for transport of nutrients
    May have respiratory function
  3. Contractile heart
    Ostia permit the haemolymph to enter, pushed forwards
27
Q

Arthropoda - intro

nervous system

4 points

A
  1. Double ventral nerve trunks
  2. Segmental ganglia
  3. Brain made of fused cerebral ganglia

Protocerebrum receives optic nerves

Deuterocerebrum receives antennal nerves

Tritocerebrum receives second antennal nerves, where present

  1. Brain is above digestive system
28
Q

Arthropoda - intro

Evoloution - Last common ancestor of all arthropods (c.500 Mya) had:

7 points

A
  1. Modular body plan
  2. Chitin exoskeleton
  3. Branched (or unbranched) appendages on each segment
  4. Ventral mouth
  5. Pre-oral antennae
  6. Dorsal eyes
  7. Marine, probably a sediment feeder

Animal kingdom (14 decks)

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