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Animal kingdom > dash through AK > Flashcards

dash through AK Flashcards

1
Q 
A whistle-stop tour of the Animal Kingdom
Basic phylogeny
Definitions of:
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Spiralia
Lophotrochozoa
A

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2
Q

see desktop for major divisions to remember

A

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3
Q

‘ur-metazoan’

A
  1. Hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals
  2. First multicellular animal
  3. Eukaryote multicellular
  4. Flagellate
  5. Marine
  6. Two cell layers
  7. No symmetry
  8. c. 600 million years ago
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4
Q

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
porifera
6 points

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Sponges
  3. Two layers of cells
  4. No tissues or organs
  5. No nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems
  6. No symmetry
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5
Q

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
Placozoa
2 points

A
  1. Possibly close to the “ur-metazoan”

2. Two layers of cells

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6
Q

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)

Coelenterates

A

Former term for Cnidaria + Ctenophora

Now recognised as paraphyletic

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7
Q

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
Ctenophora
5 points

A
  1. “comb jellies”
  2. Radial symmetry
  3. Two layers of cells
  4. Unique colloblast cells
    Sticky, used in prey capture
  5. Swim using cilia
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8
Q

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)

Cnidaria

A
  1. Sea anemones, corals, sea pens, “jellyfish”
  2. Stinging cells for prey capture
  3. Radial symmetry
  4. Two layers of cells
  5. Single orifice and body cavity
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9
Q

Bilateria

cell layers

A

tripoblastic

Ectoderm (epidermis and nerves)

Endoderm (digestive tract)

Mesoderm (muscle, connective tissue)

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10
Q

anterior and posterior

A

front and back

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11
Q

Dorsal and ventral

A

left and right

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12
Q

Bilateria

2 divisions

A

complete digestive tracts - separate mouth and anus

  1. Protostomia: “mouth first”
    Blastopore becomes the mouth
    Anus develops secondarily
  2. Deuterostomia: “mouth second”
    Blastopore becomes the anus
    Mouth develops secondarily
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13
Q

Deuterostomes - Chordata

5 points

A
  1. Notochord (rigid structure for muscle attachment)
  2. Hollow dorsal nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits (filter feeding organs)
  4. Endostyle (assists in filter feeding in basal chordates)
  5. Post anal tail (body after anus
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14
Q

Deuterostomes - echinodermata

5 points

A
  1. Sea lilies, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, starfish
  2. Bilateral as larvae, radially symmetry as adults (in some classes)
  3. Calcareous plates in skin
  4. Water vascular system
  5. Suspension feeders, herbivores, carnivores
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15
Q

Deuterostomes - hemichordata

3 points

A
  1. Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
    Pterobranchia
  2. Filter feeders
  3. Three-part body
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16
Q

protostomes - ecdysozoa

5 points

A
  1. Grow by ecdysis (i.e. moulting their exoskeleton)
  2. Lack locomotory cilia
  3. Amoeboid sperm (crawl)
  4. “teeth” within the foregut (basal)
  5. Ring of spines around the mouth (basal)
17
Q

Ecdysozoa - priapulida

2 points

A
  1. Penis worms

2. Unsegmented worms

18
Q

Ecdysozoa - kinorhyncha

2 points

A
  1. “mud dragons”

2. Segmented, limbless, < 1mm

19
Q

Ecdysozoa - Nematoda

3 points

A
  1. Round worms
  2. Unsegmented
  3. Free living and parasitic
20
Q

Ecdysozoa - Nematomorpha

2 points

A
  1. Horsehair worms

2. Larval parasites of arthropods

21
Q

Ecdysozoa - arthropoda

5 points

A
  1. Exoskeleton with jointed legs
  2. Chelicerata: spiders, scorpions
  3. Myriapoda: centipedes, millipedes
  4. Crustacea: crabs, prawns, woodlice
  5. Hexapoda: mayflies, wasps, true bugs
22
Q

Spiralia

A
  1. Named after spiral cleavage of the embryo
  2. Otherwise defined as lacking the attributes of the Ecdysozoa
  3. Validity as a group confirmed with genetic studies
23
Q

Gnathifera

5 points

A
  1. “Jaw-bearers”
  2. Chaetognatha
    Arrow worms
    Predatory, dart-shaped
  3. Rotifera
    Wheel animals
    Free living and sessile species
    Corona of cilia used in filter feeding and locomotion
  4. Acanthocephala
    Thorny-headed worms
    Parasitic involving at least 2 hosts
  5. Gnathostomulida
    Jaw worms
24
Q

Platyhelminthes and Gastrotricha

6 points

A
  1. Flatworms
  2. No body cavity
  3. No circulatory or respiratory organs
  4. Blind-ended digestive system
  5. Free living
  6. Parasitic (tapeworms, flukes)
25
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  1. Clade established on molecular evidence

2. Trochophore (“wheel-carrying”) larvae

26
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Annelida
4 points

A
  1. Segmented worms
  2. Repetition of internal organs (in each segment)
  3. Chitinous setae (bristles on body
  4. Polychaeta – bristle worms

Clitellata – earthworms and leeches

Echiura – spoon worms

Sipuncula – peanut worms

27
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Mollusca
4 points

A
  1. Muscular foot
  2. Mantle that secretes a shell
  3. Toothed radula
  4. Gastropoda: snails, limpets, slugs

Bivalvia: clams, oysters, scallops

Cephalopoda: octopus, squid

Polyplacophora: chitons

Scaphopoda: tusk shells

28
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Brachiopoda
3 points

A
  1. Lamp shells
  2. Dorsal and ventral valves (unlike left-right valves of Mollusca)
  3. Filter feeders
29
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Phoronida
2 points

A
  1. Horseshoe worms

2. Filter feeders

30
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Entoprocta and Ectoprocta
3 points

A
  1. Entoprocta
    No body cavity
  2. Ectoprocta
    Moss animals or Bryozoa
    Zooids have different functions – not truly independent animals
    Some have exoskeletons
  3. Superficially similar
    Filter feeders using a ‘crown’ of tentacles
    Colonial
31
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Nemertea
4 points

A
  1. Ribbon worms
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Free living, carnivorous
    Eversible proboscis used for food capture, toxic secretions
  4. Move via external cilia
32
Q

Lophotrochozoa
Nemertea
4 points

A
  1. Ribbon worms
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Free living, carnivorous

Eversible proboscis used for food capture, toxic secretions

  1. Move via external cilia

Animal kingdom (14 decks)

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