Intro Flashcards
Roles of Bone
▪️Support for other organs- withstand compression ▪️Movement ▪️Protection ▪️Store of minerals- Ca2+ ▪️Haemopoiesis- RBCs and WBCs ▪️Endocrine organ- glucose metabolism
Types of joints
▪️ Fibrous- fixed (skull)
▪️ Cartilaginous joints- limited movement (vertebral column)
▪️Synovial joint- freely moving (shoulder)
Connective tissues basic plan
▪️elastin fibres and collagen fibres- matrix
▪️proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans- in gaps
▪️fibroblast- produces collagen
▪️immune cells- eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells
▪️fat cells
Tendons
▪️fibrocollagenous tissue - collagen I and small amount of proteoglycans (PG)
▪️high resistance-tensile strength
▪️resist uniaxial forces
▪️transmit muscular contraction to move bone
▪️connects to bone through Shelley’s fibres -anchor tendon to bone
Ligaments
▪️fibrocollagenous tissue- collagen I and some (PG)
▪️bone to bone contact
▪️resists multiraxial forces- not as parallel as tendons.
▪️can have no skeletal ligaments - in liver
Cartilage
▪️ear, nose, end of bone, trachea, ribs
▪️rigid
▪️chondrocytes in lacunae
▪️extracellular matrix- type II collagen
▪️perichondrium, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, matrix with CII and PG.
▪️high proportion of proteoglycans- absorb water which are able to shift within the cartilage making the tissue softer and more flexible as compared to the mineralized bone.
Synovium
▪️specialised connective tissue
▪️produces synovial fluid- hyaluronic acid
▪️fibroblast and macrophage-like cells
▪️thickens in rheumatoid arthritis
Articular cartilage
▪️Hyaline cartilage
▪️no perichondrium-smoothness and low friction
▪️calcified cartilage
▪️osteoarthritis-loss of cartilage, bone rubbing against bone- painful
Fibrocartilage
▪️intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis
▪️both collagen I and II
▪️very strong- high tensile strength
▪️no perichondrium
▪️chondrocytes and dense connective tissue
Elastic cartilage
▪️external ear, larynx, epiglottis (prevents food entering windpipe)
▪️flexibility to withstand bending
▪️ chondrocytes in between fibres
▪️has perichondrium
How to break down bone
▪️acid (vinegar)- dissolves Ca2+ in bone leaving soft tissue which can be moulded
Bone matrix
▪️type I collagen, bone proteoglycans
▪️hydroxyapatite- calcium phosphate salt
▪️can be:
woven bone- immature, random fibre orientation, rapid growth and fracture repair(callus)
lamellar bone- successive layers of collagen fibres with distinct orientation
Failure of bone
▪️ too much force
▪️too little bone
