Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

0
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Packed cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What does CBC stand for?

A

Complete blood count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does retics stand for?

A high value can indicate what condition?

A
  • Reticulocytes (immature red blood cells)

- Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does T Prot stand for?

Low value indicates what? High value?

A
  • Total protein in plasma

- Low: blood loss/ High: anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 3 possible causes of anemia.

A
  • Bone marrow not working properly
  • Losing blood
  • Red blood cells being destroyed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the PCV represent?

A

The percentage of blood that is composed of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does NCC stand for?

A

Nucleated cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what type of animals do you find nucleated red blood cells?

A

Non-mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common reason for a low leukocyte count?

A

Stress- release of cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a typical stain used for blood films?

A

Wright’s stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 2 changes seen in red blood cells presenting with Heinz bodies?

A
  • Changes in antigenicity of cell

- Cell becomes less flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the brilliant cresyl blue stain used to identify?

A

Reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of Heinz bodies?

Which is the most common?

A
  • Metabolic acidosis caused by ketones
  • Onions, garlic, leeks
  • Propyldisulfide
  • Diabetes
  • Acetaminophen (most common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which species is the most susceptible to Heinz body formation?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause elevated albumin levels?

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

High cholesterol can be seen in cats with what condition?

A

Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is T CO2 equivalent to?

A

Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the mean platelet count measure?

A

The average size of the platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the mean cell volume measure?

A

The average size of the RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An immature RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do large platelets indicate?

A

Early release of immature platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you calculate absolute nucleated blood cell differential values?

A

% x total nucleated cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you calculate absolute reticulocyte count?

A

% reticulocytes x RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 causes of regenerative anemia?

A
  • Blood loss

- Blood destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are acanthocytes?

A

Spiculated RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are schistocytes?

A

Broken RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If plasma protein is in the normal range with a regenerative anemia, is the cause more likely to be RBC destruction or blood loss?

A

Blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

Round, ball shaped RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of condition are spherocytes indicative of?

A

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are small RBCs indicative of?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F: It is normal for puppies to have slightly low plasma protein levels and PCVs.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F: Milk is normally iron rich.

A

False - it is iron poor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is special about the red top tubes?

What are they used for?

A
  • No anticoagulant

- Biochemical profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the lavender top tube contain?

What is it used for?

A
  • The anticoagulant EDTA

- CBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do green tops contain?

What are they used for?

A
  • Heparin

- Specific tests such as lead concentration.

37
Q

What do blue tops contain?

What are they used for?

A
  • Citrate

- Coagulation tests

38
Q

What do gray tops contain?

What are they used for?

A
  • Fluoride

- Inhibits glucose metabolism

39
Q

What is the red and black top used for?

A

To separate serum from RBCs without transferring serum to a different tube.

40
Q

How much blood do CBCs and chemical profiles require?

A

Approximately 5 ml

41
Q

If tissue contamination results in activation of platelets with resulting clot formation, what can that lead to?

A

Erroneously low platelet count.

42
Q

It is recommended to not use any needle smaller than what size when filling a tube in order to prevent cell lysis?

A

20 gauge

43
Q

T/F: Ratio of blood to anticoagulant is designed to be appropriate by amount of vacuum.

A

True

44
Q

If a lavender top tube is not filled enough, what will the excess EDTA cause?

A

Erythrocytes to shrink, resulting in an erroneous decrease in PCV and MCV.

45
Q

What are the 2 options for using the blood for a CBC that you have to do within one hour?

A
  • Make blood film

- Refrigerate tube

46
Q

Can you refrigerate a blood film?

Why?

A
  • No

- Condensation causes cells to lyse.

47
Q

Can you freeze blood to be used for a CBC?

Why?

A
  • No

- Freezing lyses cells.

48
Q

What happens to RBCs if blood is allowed to sit at room temperature for 24 hours or more?

A

Erythrocytes swell, resulting in increase in MCV.

49
Q

How long should blood to be used for a biochemical profile be allowed to clot?

A

15-30 minutes

50
Q

Do you centrifuge blood that is to be used for a biochemical profile?

A

Yes

51
Q

How do you separate the serum from centrifuged blood from the clot?

A

With a pipette.

52
Q

What do you do with the harvested serum until it can be analyzed?

A

Refrigerate it.

53
Q

If harvested serum can’t be analyzed within 2 days, what should be done with it?

A

Freeze it.

54
Q

Are all serum enzymes stable?

A

No, but most are.

55
Q

What is an important step to perform before any blood analyses due to the fact that cells settle out?

A

Blood mixing

56
Q

What are 2 ways to mix blood?

A
  • Manually

- With a tilting rack or wheel

57
Q

In what species do RBCs settle out very quickly?

A

Horses

58
Q

What is the percentage of whole blood composed of the RBCs known as?

A

Packed Cell Volume

59
Q

What is another term for Packed Cell Volume?

A

Hematocrit

60
Q

When is the packed cell volume measured?

A

After centrifugation.

61
Q

What percentage of a capillary tube do you fill with blood?

A

70-90% of its length.

62
Q

If there is a purple mark at the end of a capillary tube, what does that mean?

A

The tube contains an anti-coagulant.

63
Q

When centrifuging a capillary tube, the clay stopper side should be where?

A

To the outside.

64
Q

Do you include the buffy coat in a PCV reading?

A

No

65
Q

What are 3 things the buffy coat may include?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Nucleated RBCs
  • Platelets
66
Q

If plasma has a yellow pigmentation, what is this suggestive of?
What can this be due to in large animals?

A
  • Icterus (increased bilirubin concentration in the blood).

- Carotene pigments associated with diet.

67
Q

If plasma is white or opaque, what can this indicate?

What are 2 reasons for this?

A
  • Lipemia (chylomicrons)

- Postprandial collection or diseases associated with abnormalities in lipid metabolism.

68
Q

How long should you hold an animal off food before taking a blood sample?

A

12 hours

69
Q

Red coloration in the plasma is due to what?

What can this be the result of?

A
  • Hemoglobin in plasma

- Hemolysis

70
Q

What are 2 possible in-vitro causes of hemolysis?

A
  • Technique

- Presence of lipemia

71
Q

What is a possible in-vivo cause of hemolysis?

A

Hemolytic anemia

72
Q

If the PVC is not decreased when there is red discoloration of the plasma, is the cause more likely in-vivo or in-vitro?

A

In-vitro

73
Q

What are used to estimate the concentration of solute in fluid, since solute bends light passing through the fluid proportionate to the solute concentration?

A

Refractometer

74
Q

What is used to measure the refractive index relative to distilled water?

A

Refractometer

75
Q

What are 2 things refractometer are used in clinical diagnostics to estimate?

A
  • Plasma protein

- Urine specific gravity

76
Q

Is the protein concentration measured by a refractometer an exact figure or an estimate?

A

An estimate

77
Q

What are 4 things that may artificially increase a protein concentration estimate measured by a refractometer?

A
  • Lipemia
  • Urea
  • Glucose
  • Cholesterol
78
Q

Where is the best place to break a capillary tube that has be centrifuged in order to get the serum out?

A

Right above the buffy coat.

79
Q

If plasma protein abnormalities are found, what should you follow up with?

A

Biochemical measurement of albumin and globulin in serum.

80
Q

How do you measure globulin?

A

Total protein minus albumin.

81
Q

Increased albumin is always due to what?

A

Dehydration

82
Q

If total protein and PCV are both increased, this suggests what?

A

Dehydration

83
Q

If total protein and PCV are both decreased, this suggests what?

A

Blood loss

84
Q

Total leukocyte concentration is actually what?

A

Total nucleated cell count

85
Q

T/F: By itself, total nucleated cell count is not very useful for interpretative purposes.

A

True

86
Q

What is the total nucleated cell count primarily used to calculate?
Is this determined before or after performing the differential cell count?

A
  • The concentration of specific leukocyte types.

- After

87
Q

Stained blood films are an essential tool for what 2 things?

A
  • Determining concentration of individual leukocyte types.

- Evaluating morphologic abnormalities of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.

88
Q

What is the best technique for blood film preparation?

Do you do it quickly or slowly?

A
  • Push technique

- Quickly

89
Q

Is it better to push away from or toward the frosted edge when preparing a blood film?

A

Away from the frosted edge.

90
Q

Does the blood film need to be completely dry before staining?

A

Yes

91
Q

“Diff-Quick” is a modification of what type of stain?

A

Wright stain

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions