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Clinical Pathology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

0
Q

Which 3 types of cells can undergo maturation and proliferation?

A
  • Myeloblast
  • Progranulocyte
  • Myelocyte
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1
Q

Which cells only undergo maturation and cannot proliferate?

A
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Band
  • Segmented neutrophil
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2
Q

What does “penia” mean?

A

Decreased concentration of cells.

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3
Q

What does “philia” or “cytosis” mean?

A

Increased concentration of cells.

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4
Q

What does “left shift” mean?

A

Increased concentration of immature neutrophils in the blood (usually band neutrophils, sometimes metamyelocytes).

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5
Q

Left shifts can occur with what 3 conditions?

A
  • Neutrophilia
  • Normal concentration of neutrophils
  • Neutropenia
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6
Q

You see a more severe inflammatory response with what condition?

A

Neutropenia

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7
Q

What does “orderly” maturation refer to?

A

Concentration of each cell increases with the degree of maturity.

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8
Q

What are 2 things that disorderly maturation indicative of?

A
  • Very severe consumption

- Neoplastic process present

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9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Presence of neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow.

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10
Q

What are 4 possible acquired changes in leukocyte morphology?

A
  • Neutrophil “toxic” change
  • Increased basophilia of cytoplasm
  • Presence of Dohle bodies
  • Cytoplasmic vacuolation
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11
Q

Is neutrophil hypersegmentation an important finding?

A

No

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12
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation the result of?

Does it occur in vivo or in vitro?

A
  • Normal aging of the neutrophil.

- Both

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13
Q

What does the term neutrophil degeneration describe?

What do you see with it?

A
  • Neutrophils that are no longer in circulation.

- Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear swelling, leading to cell lysis.

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14
Q

What are 4 examples of inherited neutrophil abnormalities?

A
  • Pelger-Huet anomaly
  • Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
  • Chediak-Higashi syndrome
  • Lysosomal storage disorders with neutrophil granulation
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15
Q

In what species can you see the Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

In every species

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16
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

Failure of neutrophil nucleus to segment.

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17
Q

When an animal present with Pelger-Huet anomaly, is it most often heterozygous or homozygous for the condition?

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

If an animal presents with high band neutrophil counts, but appears physically normally, what inherited neutrophil abnormality might it have?

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly

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19
Q

Do the neutrophils seen with Pelger-Huet anomaly function as well as normal neutrophils?
Is this clinically important?

A
  • No

- No

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20
Q

Is Pelger-Huet anomaly a life-long condition?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What other type of leukocyte is affected in Pelger-Huet anomaly?
How?

A
  • Eosinophils

- Nucleus fails to segment

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22
Q

What is a main characteristic of Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

Distinct granules in cytoplasm of neutrophils.

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23
Q

What other inherited neutrophil abnormality can Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly be mistaken for?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

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24
Q

Approximately how many Birman cats have Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

50%

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25
Q

Is the presence of Birman cat neutrophil anomaly clinically significant?

A

No

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26
Q

Will you see granulation of lymphocytes with Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

No

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27
Q

Will you see granulation in lymphocytes with lysosomal storage disease?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is a characteristic feature of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Lysosomal fusion

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29
Q

With Chediak-Higashi syndrome, what can fuse causing the cell to have a grayish appearance?

A

Melanin granules

30
Q

What species/breed is Chediak-Higashi most commonly seen in?

A

Persian cats

31
Q

Do neutrophils function normally in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

No

32
Q

What may also be abnormal with Chediak-Higashi syndrome that may lead to a tendency to bleed?

A

Platelets

33
Q

How many different lysosomal storage diseases are there?

A

Over 60

34
Q

What is often missing with a lysosomal storage disease?

What does this determine?

A
  • An enzyme

- What clinical signs will be presented

35
Q

It is common to see what kind of abnormalities with lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Joint abnormalities

36
Q

Which 2 inherited lymphocyte abnormalities may result in cytoplasmic granulation or vacuolation?

A
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis

- GM2 gangliosidosis

37
Q

What are 4 examples of inherited lymphocyte abnormalities that result in only cytoplasmic vacuolation?

A
  • Alpha mannosidosis
  • Niemann Pick disease types A, B, C
  • Acid lipase deficiency
  • Fucosidosis
38
Q

Which 2 inherited lymphocyte abnormalities do not result in severe progressive neurological disease?

A
  • Mucopolysaccharide

- Acid lipase deficiency

39
Q

Is it important to have a fresh blood sample what looking for a lysosomal storage disorder?

A

Yes

40
Q

What can cause acquired lymphocyte vacuolation?

How?

A
  • Ingestion of plants containing swainsonine (locoweed).

- Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an acquired lysosomal disease similar to alpha mannosidosis.

41
Q

Consumption of neutrophils during an inflammatory response leads to what?

A

Increased production and early release from the marrow.

42
Q

What is the total neutrophil count dependent on?

A

Balance between consumption and production.

43
Q

What does the “fight or flight” response cause?

A

Increased blood flow through microcirculation resulting in a shift of leukocytes from marginated pool to circulating pool.

44
Q

How much can the “fight or flight” response increase leukocyte concentrations?

A

2X fold

45
Q

What is the most prominent feature of feline excitement response?

A

Lymphocytosis

46
Q

Do excitement responses occur in dogs?

A

Seldom

47
Q

Is it common to see excitement response in species other than cats?

A

No

48
Q

What are 2 physical causes of lymphocytosis?

A
  • Splenic contraction

- lymphatic duct emptying

49
Q

What is seen in a stress response?

A

An increase in endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids.

50
Q

The stress response can be seen with what?

A
  • Illness
  • Pain
  • Metabolic disturbances
  • Treatment with corticosteroids
  • Corticosteroid producing tumors
51
Q

Key feature seen with stress leukogram us what?

What can also be seen? What is the upper limit?

A
  • Lymphopenia
  • Neutrophilia (segmented neutrophils): 2X fold upper limit of reference range (if higher that this, due to inflammation not stress).
52
Q

Do you see an increase in band neutrophils with a stress leukogram?

A

No - seen with inflammation.

53
Q

T/F: Eosinopenia can be seen with a stress leukogram.

A

True

54
Q

Are all neutrophilias due to inflammation?

A

No - some due to stress

55
Q

What condition should you consider if seeing a lack of a steroid response in a sick animal?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

56
Q

With inflammation neutrophilia, what should be seen?

A

Left shift, or neutrophil concentration greater than 2X upper limit of reference interval.

57
Q

With excitement neutrophilia, what should be seen?

A

Lymphocytosis, no left shift.

58
Q

With stress neutrophilila, what should be seen?

A

Lymphopenia, no left shift.

59
Q

Can combinations of inflammation, excitement and stress neutrophilias be seen?

A

Yes

60
Q

What are some causes for lymphocytosis?

A
  • Excitement response
  • Neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease
  • Antigenic stimulation (rare in dogs, cats - except with canine ehrlichiosis)
61
Q

What type of lymphocytes can be seen with ehrlichiosis? What else?

A
  • Large granular lymphocytes

- Gammopathy (increased levels of globulin concentration)

62
Q

Do all dogs with ehrlichiosis have lymphocytosis?

A

No

63
Q

What are 3 causes of neutropenia?

A
  • Consumption within inflammatory lesion
  • Immune mediated destruction
  • Lack of production by bone marrow
64
Q

Neutropenia is not as big a concern in what species?

A

Cattle

65
Q

Is neutropenia caused by bone marrow reversible or irreversible?

A

Can be either.

66
Q

Canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia and chemotherapeutic drugs can cause what kind of neutropenia?

A

Reversible neutropenia cause by lack of production by bone marrow.

67
Q

FeLV can cause what kind of neutropenia?

A

Irreversible neutropenia caused by lack of production by bone marrow.

68
Q

What are 3 possible causes of lymphopenia?

Which one is considered rare?

A
  • Steroid response
  • Acute viral infections
  • Immunodeficiency (rare)
69
Q

What is the most common cause of lymphopenia?

A

Steroid response

70
Q

Monocytosis can be caused by what?

A
  • Inflammation

- Stress response

71
Q

Monocytosis can be seen with what other condition?

A

Immune mediated neutropenia

72
Q

What are 3 possible causes of eosinophilia?

A
  • Parasitism
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Lesions producing eosinophil
73
Q

Basophilia can be seen with what other condition?

A

Eosinophilia

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

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