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Clinical Pathology > Blood Transfusion and Crossmatching > Flashcards

Blood Transfusion and Crossmatching Flashcards

0
Q

The classification system based on the presence or absence of an inherited antigen on the surface of RBCs is known as what?

A

Blood group or blood type

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1
Q

What is a molecule that induces an immune response known as?

A

Antigen

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2
Q

A series of related blood types determined by species specific antigens on the surface of RBCs is known as what?

A

Blood systems

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3
Q

Antibodies produced against another blood types of the same species are known as what?
What was the former name?

A
  • Isoantibody

- Alloantibody

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4
Q

Where are isoantibodies found?

A

In plasma

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5
Q

Can isoantibodies be naturally occurring?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do isoantibodies require exposure to an antigen?

A

Some do

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7
Q

What are the 2 major blood systems of humans?

A
  • ABO system (complex)

- Rh system (simple)

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8
Q

The numerous minor blood systems seen in humans may cause what?
Do most cause this?

A
  • Minor transfusion reaction

- No

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9
Q

What are the 2 antigen types of the ABO system?

A
  • A

- B

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10
Q

What are the 4 blood types of the ABO system?

A
  • A
  • B
  • O
  • AB
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11
Q

Which human blood system requires exposure to the antigen before isoantibodies are produced?

A

Rh blood system

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12
Q

What are 2 major goals of a blood transfusion?

One minor goal?

A
  • Give RBCs, minimize donor RBC destruction

- Minimize recipient RBC destruction

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13
Q

If donor blood contains only a small amount of antibody, this causes what?

A

Minimal damage to the recipients’s RBCs.

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14
Q

If the transfusion recipient has lots of antibodies, what do these antibodies do?

A

Quickly targets the relatively low number of donor RBCs.

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15
Q

What are 2 types of possible transfusion reactions?

A
  • Hemolytic transfusion reaction

- Non-hemolytic transfusion reactions

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16
Q

Donor’s RBCs are destroyed by the patients’s immune system causing hemolysis with which type of transfusion reaction?

A

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

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17
Q

Febrile and allergic reactions can be seen with what type of transfusion reaction?

A

Non-hemolytic transfusion reaction

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18
Q

What are 2 types of isoerythrolysis?

A
  • Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis

- Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (Fading Kitten Syndrome)

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19
Q

With what conditions has the mother been previously exposed to foreign RBC antigens?
What are 2 examples of possible exposure sources?

A
  • Equine/Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

- Blood transfusion, previous pregnancy

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20
Q

With Equine/Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, the mother transmits what to her offspring?

A

Antibodies to her offspring that have alien RBC antigens through colostrum.

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21
Q

How many major blood systems to dogs have?

How many do we care about?

A
  • 8

- 2

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22
Q

What does DEA stand for?

A

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

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23
Q

How many antigens are seen per blood type with the DEA blood system?

A

Single antigen per type

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24
Q

How many DEA blood types are there?

A

7

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25
Q

What are the 2 major canine blood systems that we care about?

A
  • Dog Erythrocyte Antigen blood system

- Dal blood system

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26
Q

Can dogs have more than one RBC blood type?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are the 2 most immunogenic blood types seen with the DEA blood system?
About what percentage of the population have each of these?

A
  • DEA 1.1: 45%

- DEA 1.2: 20%

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28
Q

What happens during the first exposure of DEA 1.1 or DEA 1.2 antigen to a naive patient?

A

Stimulates antibody production.

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29
Q

What happens on second exposure of DEA 1.1 or DEA 1.2 antigen to a naive patient?

A

ABs incite strong agglutination and hemolysis.

30
Q

What are 2 blood types that can commonly be co-expressed with other blood types with the DEA blood system?

A
  • DEA 4

- DEA 6

31
Q

DEA 4 and 6 are expressed in what percentage of dogs?

A

98%

32
Q

With DEA 4 and 6, most dogs carry the antigen, but do not develop what?

A

Antibodies

33
Q

Because most dogs have DEA 4 and 6 blood types, is it common or rare to get a transfusion reaction?

A

Rare

34
Q

Dogs that are only DEA 4+ and/or DEA 6+ are often used as what?

A

Universal donors

35
Q

Which 2 antigens are considered low incidence antigens since most dogs do not carry them?

A
  • DEA 3

- DEA 5

36
Q

Since most dogs do not have the blood types DEA 3 and DEA 5, is it common or rare to get a transfusion reaction?

A

Rare

37
Q

What can occur with the blood types DEA 3 and DEA 5?

A

Natural alloantibodies

38
Q

Which canine blood type may elicit an antibody response?

A

DEA 7

39
Q

Which 3 DEAs have been reported in delayed transfusion reactions?

A
  • DEA 3
  • DEA 5
  • DEA 7
40
Q

Which breed is the Dal blood system seen in ?

A

Dalmatians

41
Q

How many antigens are seen with the Dal blood system?

A

A single antigen - Dal

42
Q

The Dal blood system is ubiquitous in what breeds?

A

Non-Dalmatians

43
Q

For Dalmatians that lack the Dal antigen, what is seen on the first transfusion?
The second transfusion?

A
  • Develop Dal antigen

- Either ineffective or the dogs develop transfusion reactions

44
Q

Dalmatians are at risk for what?

A

Acute and delayed onset of hemolytic transfusion reactions.

45
Q

What are the 2 blood systems seen in cats?

A
  • AB group system

- Mik system

46
Q

What are the 3 possible blood types of the AB group system in cats?

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
47
Q

What is the blood type seen with the Mik system in cats?

A

Mik

48
Q

T/F: All cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies.

A

True

49
Q

T/F: You do not need to blood type cats prior to transfusion.

A

False - Blood type all cats prior to transfusion.

50
Q

Do cats have universal donors?

A

No

51
Q

Which blood type is most common in cats?

A

Type A

52
Q

What percentage of cats have Type a blood?

A

> 95%

53
Q

Type A cats have weak isoantibodies against which blood type?

A

Type B

54
Q

Is Type B more common or less common in cats than Type A?

A

Less common

55
Q

25-50% of which cats have Type B blood?

A

British Breeds

56
Q

Type B cats have a strong natural isoantibodies against which other blood type?

A

Type A

57
Q

What can happen if a cat with Type B blood is given Type A?

A

Severe and lethal transfusion reactions

58
Q

Which blood type in cats is at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Type B

59
Q

Which blood type in cats is known as the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

60
Q

Which blood type in cats is considered as very rare?

A

Type AB

61
Q

Are most cats Mik antigen positive or negative?

A

Positive

62
Q

What do cats without the Mik antigen have?

A

Mik alloantibodies

63
Q

Blood from Mik positive cats given to Mik negative cats results in what?

A

Acute post-transfusion hemolysis

64
Q

Is blood typing for the Mik antigen in cats widely available?

A

No

65
Q

Are natural alloantibodies common or rare in equines, ruminants and camelids?

A

Rare

66
Q

Large animal blood typing is impractical except in what species?

A

Horses

67
Q

Large animal transfusions are uncommon except in what species?

A

Horses

68
Q

With large animals, single whole blood transfusion tend to be well-tolerated or not tolerated?

A

Well-tolerated

69
Q

What should be done for repeated transfusion and plasma transfusion in large animals?

A

Crossmatch

70
Q

T/F: There are many blood groups with extreme genetic variation seen in cattle.

A

True

71
Q

What are 2 potential complications that can be seen with vaccination of blood origin in cattle?

A
  • May sensitize a cow to foreign RBC antigens

- Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in subsequent calves

72
Q

How many blood systems do horses have?

A

7

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

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