cell elongates and DNA replicates - Cell wall and PM constrict and pinch in - Cell wall forms completely separating the 2 DNA copies - Cells separate

- consists of the … 1) Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan —- super thick in gram + bacteria (outermost layer) 2) PM : most inner layer gram - outer membrane and periplasm —- outer membrane: most exterior layer with cell wall in the middle -periplasm bw PM and outer

bacteria that lose cell wall but can still grow and divide - Unstable: once shit removed, cell wall comes back Stable: they chilling

Intro Flashcards by Alanna Parker

Ribosome number for prokaryotes

70S

eukaryotes is 80S

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Cell wall: Prok vs Euk

Prok - complex and peptidoglycan

Euk - Simple with cellulose or chitin

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Binary Fission

cell elongates and DNA replicates

Cell wall and PM constrict and pinch in
Cell wall forms completely separating the 2 DNA copies
Cells separate

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Bacteria shapes

cocci - spheres
bacilli - rods
spirals

** shape determined by cell wall

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Cocci organization

diplococci - pair
strepto - chain

tetrad- 2 pairs of 2
sarcinae : 4 pairs of 2

staph - clump

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Bacilli organization

bacillus- single

diplobacilli - 2

coccobacillus - bw the two

strepto - chain

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Spiral organizations

vibrio - not full spiral

spirilium - big boi

spirochete - small spiral, more corkscrew

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What is the glycocalyx

slime layer that helps resist phagocytosis and helps with adherence

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Fibria and pili fxn

attachment to surfaces, conjugation and transformation

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Cell envelope

consists of the …
1) Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan
—- super thick in gram + bacteria (outermost layer)
2) PM : most inner layer

**gram - outer membrane and periplasm
—- outer membrane: most exterior layer with cell wall in the middle
-periplasm bw PM and outer

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Cell wall structure

rigid part - peptidoglycan made of alternating strands of N-acetyglucosmaine and N-acetylmuramic acid

— tetrapeptide side chain attache to N-am and peptide cross bridges that connect the tetrapeptide side chains

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Surface antigens of gram + bacteria

lipteichoic acid and tectonic acid

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T or F: the outer membrane of the gram - bacteria is bilayered

T - bilayer with LPS

*** outer membrane helps with Gram - Antibitoic R

LPS: made of lipid A and polysaccharide (core and terminal O-polysaccharide)
—— endotoxin: due to lipid A part
—— O poly : Ag

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what do porins let pass

small hydrophobic molecules

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Cell Wall fxn

protection against osmotic pressures
- cell division
- shape of cell
- target sites for antibiotics etc

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What are spheroplasts

gram - bacteria that have lost their cell wall

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Protoplasts

gram + that have lost cell walls

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L forms

bacteria that lose cell wall but can still grow and divide

Unstable: once shit removed, cell wall comes back

Stable: they chilling

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Mycoplasma

naturally occurring bacteria without cell wall

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Fxn of PM

permeability and transport
biosynthesis function s
ETC + OXPHOS

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T or F: prok have mitochondria

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Prok ribosome subunits

70S ribosome made of 30S and 50S
- made of protein and RNA

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What are plasmids

extrachromosomal DS circular DNA that replicates independently

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Roles of Glycocalyx

Capsule/slime layer
- helps with adherence
- increases virulence
- biofilm formation

What is flagella made of

flagellin protein - organ of motion

Peritrichous

flagella all over it

Monotrichous

Single flagella on one side

Lophotrichous

tuft on one side

Amphitrichous

one flagella on both sides

T or F: Pili and Fimbriae are normally found on gram - bacteria

T ; made of pilin protein

Fxn of Fimbriae

adherence and biofilm formation

Pili fxn

gliding and sex pili for conjugation - adherence

Sporulation of endospore

- started by unfavourable conditions — starts with clear portion of cytoplasm near one end which incorporates part of nuclear info - spore septum starts to form: PM (just it) starts to move in to isolate new DNA to one side - PM connect and form layer around DNA — forespore - peptidoglycan forms bw PM = now have cell wall - spore coat forms + endospore released

What are spores resistant to

boiling, heating, disinfectants

Steps of germination

activation (trigger), initiation , outgrowth

Autotrophs

can make their own metabolites

Heterotrophs

can’t make their own shit

Obligate aerobes

need oxygen for aerobic resp - have SOD and catalase

Obligate anaerobes

can’t use oxygen, growth inhibited by oxygen (can’t break down ROS)

Facultative anaerobes

can live in either conditions - prefer O2 though

Aerotolerant

do not use aerobic metabolism but oxygen doesnt bother it - can breakdown toxic oxygen using SOD

Microaerophiles

aerobes that require set conc of O2 from 2-10%

Impact of temp on cell s

can impact proteins, lipids in membrane and organelles — too low might go rigid **mesophiles : middle bois that are main causers of disease

pH impact on cell s

- interfere with H bonding and NA Neutrophils : 6-8 Acidophiles : below 4

Generation time

doubling time etc - time it takes for 1 cell to give ride to 2 progeny - generally 1-3 hours

Batch culture

typical growth curve for cell population achieved in enclosed vessel

Phases of growth

lag: new bacteria in media doesn’t grow right away exponential : period of exponential growth (most impacts by antibiotics) stationary : nutrient depletion or toxic products cause growth to slow down (new =die are the same ) death : marked decline in viable cells

Pathogenic

yes or no: is it capable of disease opportunistic: rarely cause disease unless immunocompromised

Virulence

quantitative measure of the ability of an agent to cause disease - involves adherence, invasion , and toxigenicity

When do people get sick

- when micro overpowers human defenses — organism: number of organism and virulence host: innate and adaptive immunity

Main adherence factors

slime layer, adherence proteins, Lipoteichoic acid, pili **adhesions: anything that helps the micro stick

What does hyaluronidase do

splits hyaluronic acid (part of ground substance of CT) === helps bacteria spread

Hemolysins

dissolve RBCs

IgA1 protease

degrade IgA == allow micro to stick to mucous membrane

Exotoxins

produced inside the bacteria (gram +) released during log phase

Endotoxins

part of LPS and outer membrane gram - released when die

Epidemic

occurrence in a community of region in excess of normal (relative to normal levels0

Pandemic

epidemic disease of widespread prevalence

Endemic

constant presence of disease in given area