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Pharm 232 > Gram + Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram + Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cocci gram positive bacteria

A

staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus

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2
Q

Bacilli Gram positive bacteria

A

Non-spore forming
- corynebacterium
- listeria
- lactobacilli

Spore Forming
- bacillus
- Clostridium

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3
Q

Coagulase Test

A

mix some bacteria with V of plasma

-if enzyme straphylocoagulase present — blood will clot within 24 hours

  • helps differentiate staph. aureus from others (only one that is coagulase +)
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4
Q

What is the catalase test do

A

does the organism breakdown hydrogen peroxide ?

  • +: bubbles
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5
Q

Oxidase test

A

does the organism produce cytochrome C oxidase ?

  • if oxidase +: changes colourless reagent purple
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6
Q

General traits of staphylococcus

A

Catalase +

Facultative anaerobe

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7
Q

S. Aureus

A

Most virulent species

Hemolysis: beta/complete lysis/clearing

Normally found in nose, perineal area and skin

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8
Q

When do you have a staph aureus infection

A

when the bacteria breaches the body’s barriers

  • results from their structures/enzymes used to evade phagocytosis/ production f enzymes and toxins
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9
Q

What mechanisms does S. aureus use to evade phagocytosis

A

1) Neutrophil extravasation + chemotaxis: secretion of SSLs and inhibit host surface receptors

2) Inhibition of complement and phagocytosis: secrete inhibitory factors that impact opsonization

3) Enzymes that prevent neutrophil killing: inhibit granule forming, make antioxidants that inactivate ROS in phagosome

4) production of pore forming toxins

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10
Q

What enzymes does S. aureus have?

A

Coagulase
Hyaluronidase
Staphylokinase
Beta-lactamase

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11
Q

What does staphylokinase do

A

causes fibrinolysis; activates plasminogen to plasmid; digests fibrin clots

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12
Q

What does beta-lactamase do

A

provides resistance to B-lactam antibiotics

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13
Q

Toxins of S. Aureus

A

Hemolysins

Exfoliative toxins: cause generalized exfoliation seen in staphylococci scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) by dissolved matrix of epidermis

Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (TSST-1): causes fever, hypotension etc

Enterotoxins: causes of food poisoning, made when S. aureus grows in carbs/protein rich foods

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14
Q

What infections does S. Aureus cause

A

Food poisoning
TSS
Soft Tissue Infections
Impetigo
SSS
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis: infection of bone

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15
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis traits

A

Gamma hemolytic
Catalase Positive

  • normally found on skin and mucosa
  • opportunistic pathogen: only causes infection if immune compromised
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16
Q

Staph. saprophyticus

A

Gamma hemolysis

normally found on skin, genitourinary tract

Infections: UTI

17
Q

T or F: Streptococcus are normally found in large clumps

A

F: pairs or chains of cocci

18
Q

What is the classification of streptococci based off

A

1) colony morphology + hemolytic reactions

2) Beta hemolytic: are further divides based on cell wall group antigens

3) Biochemical reactions + R to physical or chemical factors

19
Q

Streptococci Traits

A

Catalase -
Facultative Anaerobes
don’t form spores

20
Q

T or F: Strep. pyogenes are group B

A

F - group A

21
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes Traits

A

Beta hemolytic
Catalase -

*not normal flora *

22
Q

T or F: Strep. pyogenes has hemolysins that can lyse RBCs and other cells

A

T - has streptolysins that can lyse both

—- also has streptokinase

23
Q

What infections does S. pyogenes cause

A

strep throat
impetigo
cellulitis: red swelling of skin
Necrotizing fasciitis
Bacteremia

24
Q

Traits of Strep. Agalactiae

A

Beta hemolytic
Catalase -

normally found in vag and GI tract

Infections: normally causes infections in neonates (postpartum infections, pneumonia, bacteremia etc)

25
Q

Strep pneumoniae

A
  • lancet shaped cocci in pairs (diplococci) or short chains

Alpha hemolysis: semi cleared
Catalase -
Oxidase -

Normally found in URT

Virulence: polysaccharide capsule, IgA protease, penumolysin (suppress oxidation seen in phagocytes)

26
Q

S. pneumoniae infections

A

bacteremia, meningitis, bacterial pneumonia and ear infections

27
Q

T or F: Enterocci use to be group D streptococci

A

T

28
Q

T or F: Enterocci have a lot of intrinsic R to antimicrobial

A

T
- can exchange genes to do so etc
- First group to gain resistance to vancomycin

29
Q

Traits of Enterococci

A

normally gamma hemolysis

Catalase -

Normally found in GI tract

Infections: nosocomial infections (hospital ones
—- UTIs and abdominal

30
Q

Viridans Streptococci traits

A

Catalase -
Oxidase -
Hemolysis alpha or gamma

Location: mouth, GI

Infections: opportunistic, low virulence

31
Q

T or F: Listeria monocytogenes is a spore forming cocci

A

F - non spore forming motile rod or coccobacilli

  • can grow in a range of conditions
32
Q

Listeria monocytogenes traits

A

Catalase +
Facultative Anaerobes
Beta hemolytic

Found in soil, water and decaying shit

Food poisoning and range of shit

33
Q

Corynebacterium Traits

A

non-spore forming
gram + bacilli (clubbed or weird shape)
Catalase +

Hemolysis gamma

C. diphtheria: diphtheria toxin

normally found on skin, RT, UT
- normally doesn’t cause infection unless C.diptheria (sore throat etc)

34
Q

Lactobacillus Traits

A

bacillus
nonspore forming

Catalase -
Gamma hemolytic

normally found in vagina; help with pH balance

35
Q

Bacillus spp. traits

A

gram + rods/chains

Catalase +
Obligate aerobes or F. anaerobes

forms spores

36
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Gamma hemolysis
- has capsule + anthrax toxin (lethal factor, edema factor, cell binding protective Ag)

Location: disease of herbivores

Infected by accident from animals or plants

37
Q

Bacillus ceres

A

spore forming

beta hemolytic

disease of herbivores; opportunistic /food poisoning

38
Q

Clostridium species

A

spore forming
anaerobic bacilli; motile

Catalase -
some aerotolerant

Beta hemolytic

found in soil or GI of animals

Pharm 232 (7 decks)

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