Interwar Period Flashcards

Question

~Adolf Hiter

Answer 1

● Despised communism and democracy in favor of militaristic nationalism ● Embraced racial hatred of many groups, but especially a virulent form of anti-Semitism ● Expressed in his infamous memoir from the mid-1920s ● Rekindling their resentment of the Treaty of Versailles and anti-Semitic theories

Answer 2

● In January 1933, the Germany's president who had little love for the Nazis but feared hte communists even more appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany ● Both Nazies and communists are gaining in popularity

Answer 3

● Suspended the Weimar constitution and gave Hitler the power to rule by decree ● Outlawed all political parties, banned trade unions, and turned the press and mass media into instruments of Nazi propaganda relying on a cult of personality

Answer 4

● Hitler violently purged remainging rivals within the Nazi Party in this after he assumed the presidency when hindenburg suddnly died

Answer 5

● To control dissidents and opponents, the Nazis built concentration camps like Dachau and created a secret police, the Gestapo

Answer 6

● Similar to Mussolini's ● Ended German unemployment with a giant program of public works and highway building, coupled with mass military conscription and renewed arms production--both of which required the renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles ● Hitler's highly belligerent foreign policy was a key reason for hte steady erosion of European and global peace during the 1930s

Answer 7

● Nazis acted on their obsession with racial purity ● Believe in misuigded notiont hat Germans and other northern Europeans were the truest descendants of the earliest Indo-Europeans ● Targest several races as "undesirable" including Slavs, Africans, and Roma (Gypsies) and the Jews

Answer 8

● Althought the Nazis eventually resorted to genocide, their anti-Semitic policies before the war emphasized official discrimination and physical harassmnet ● Jewish writings an networks were banned or burned ● Jewish businesses were boycotted ● Jews were forced out of professions like law, medicine, civil service, and university teacher

Answer 9

● Depreived Jews of their civil rights and forbad intermarriage between them and non-Jews

Answer 10

● Night of broken glass ● Sporadic violence, including the 1938 pogram ramped up during the late 1930s, as the regime tried to pressure Jews into elaving hte country

Answer 11

● Led by Enver Pasha ● Replaced Abdul Hamid II with a figurehead sultan ad restored hte consittuion fo 1876 ● Resumed its path toward reform in 1908-1909 ● Could not save hte empire, especially once the Ottomans entered WWI and shared in the Central Powers' defeat

Answer 12

● A heroic WWI commander who now repelled the Greeks after the end of hte War ● Formed a new ogvernment, negotiated a more favorable treaty with the Allies ● Proclaimed the Turkish Republic after hte last Ottooman sultan vacated the throne in 1923 and himself president and taking the name Ataturk

Answer 13

● Governed as a secularizing modernizer from 1923 to 1938 ● Promoting industrialzation, Western dress, Western education, and the use of the Roman alphabet for writeen Turkish ● Church and state were separated, with a European law code replacing Islamic Sharia ● Wrote a constiution and kept up a democratic pretense ● Tolerated little opposition and began a long tradition of authoriatrian rule in Turkey

Answer 14

● No longer required to wear the veil ● Received the right to vote in 1934 ● Encouraged to get educations and jobs

Answer 15

● Ruled Persia since 1794, had been divided into British and Russian spheres of influence during the 1800s

Answer 16

● Drawn by its oil reserves, the British increased their presence in Persia after WWI, causing a nationalist backlash ● in 1921, an officer named Reza Khan muttinie against the Qajar and expelled the British, gaining control of the entire country by 1925

Answer 17

● Reza Khan took this name ● Established a new royal dynasty and became an authoritarian Westernizer like Ataturk ● Although he was less inclined than Ataturk to put up a show of democracy or to clash as hard with the Muslim clergy, the new shah industrialized Iran, boosted the education and did away witht eh veil for women

Answer 18

● Remained in British, French, and Italian hands, although nationalist sentiment there was growing ● Ottomans retained the Arabian Peninsula, but the other Arbas lands once under their rulership were not placed into the mandate system and administered by France and Britian under the League of Nations' supervision ● This arrangement angered hte Arbas, who had believed during WWI that the Allies would grant htem complete freedom as a reward for thier anti-Ottoman revolt

Answer 19

● Further angered Arabs ● 90% Arab before substantial Jewish immigration in Palestine and British pledged support for a Jewish national home there

Answer 20

● Saudi Arabia achieved full independnece in 1932 under him | ● Spent the 1920s driving the Ottomans out of the Arabian Peninsula and then uniting its many tribes

Answer 21

● An authoritarian monarchy, the Saudi state remained more traditionally Islamic and modernized little ● Except to industirlize its huge oil reserves, whose discovery in 1928 made it instantly wealthy and strategically vital

Answer 22

● Swept away the QIng regime ● Leading figure was Sun Yat-sen, who spent the 1890s and early 1900s promoting Western-style modernization and constitutional rule based on three "people's principles"

Answer 23

● Nationalism (opposition to Manchu rule and Western imperialism) ● Democracy (including universal suffrage for women as well as men) ● Livelihood (A semi-socialist, but not Marxist, concern for people's welfare)

Answer 24

● Led by Sun Tat-sen | ● Established the new Chinese Republic

Answer 25

● The authoritarian general sezed power in 1912 until 1916 and then passed to other right-wing officers until 1928

Answer 26

● Opposed to this military regime were warlords and bandits, who established control over vast stretches of China, as well asintellectuals and students, whose Western-oriented progressivism clashed with the regime's attempt to reive traditional Confucian values ● Thousands of students gathered in Tiananmen Square on May 4, 1919 to protest he regime's willingness to allow Japan to annex Shantung Province and democratic reform

Answer 27

● Founded in 1921 by radicals at Beijing University | ● In the mid-1920s, both CCP and KMT cooperated to combat unruly warlords and to unseat hte military government

Answer 28

● Took the leadership of KMT in 1925 ● A Western-educated officer who leaned farther to the right than Sun had ● Took Beijing in 1928 and founded a Kuomintang regime that professed allegiance to Sun's prnciples and attempted a certain degree of modernization but soon grew corrupt, inefficient and authoritarian ● Governed China until 1949, but faced two deadly threats (CCP and Japan)

Answer 29

● By early 1927, it had won control of all China south of hte Yangtze River ● In Aprikl, Chiang turned agains thte communists, murdering thousands of them in Shanghai and driving the rest far to the north

Answer 30

● Leader of the CCP who led the party to its new northern base of Yenan during the arduous Long March of 1934-1935

Answer 31

● Begain in 1931 and worsened after 1937 and never ceased until th end of WWII

Answer 32

● Japan began in the interwar period with democratizing potential ● Up through the late 1920s, the powers of hte Diet increased, freedom of the press expanded, and a 1925 bill of rights granted universal male suffrage and other civil liberties

Answer 33

● Continued with a small number of powerful corporations (zaibatsu) benefiting from governemnt favoritism ● Concentrate wealth in the hands of a tiny oligarchy of influential industrialists, it kept trade unions weak and did little to improve working conditions ● Even before the Depression, strikes and riots were common, and social stress was building to a dangerous level

Answer 34

● The Great Depression caused Japanese exports to plummet more than 50% ● Gave rise to left-wing extremism ● Two prime ministers were assassinated, one by leftists in 1930, the other by radical rightists in 1932

Answer 35

● Head of Japan's army ● Prime ministership in 1941 ● Authoritarian

Answer 36

● Skyrocketed in Japan | ● Bostered by the ideology of State Shinto

Answer 37

● Propagandistically perverted Japan's indigenous faith to foster a sense of racial superiority and unquestioning loyalty tot he state ● Anti-Western feelings sharpened, and the slogan "Asia for hte Asians" called for hte expulsion of colonizing powers ● Seized Manchuria from China and withdrew from the League of Nations in 1931

Answer 38

● japan resumed their war against China in 1937, committing dreadful atrocities like the Rape of Nanjing that December ● Japanese troops butchered 200,000 to 300,000 noncombatants, including thousnads of women who were first suxually assaulted

Answer 39

● Japan named its sphere of influence ● Before WWII, the Japanese would spread this campaign of xenophobic imperialism throughout much of East and Southeast Asia

Answer 40

● Inceasingly influential in South and Southeast Asia ● Anti-colonial agitation escalated in Indonesia, Burma, Indochina (especially among the Veitnamese) ● Typically led by Western-educated elites and middle-class intellectuals and studnets ● Tneded to involve uneasy alliances between liberal modernizers and radical communists

Answer 41

● Supported Britain so loyally duringg WWI, they hoped for greater autonomy, perhaps even dominion status ● Began staging mass protests, one of which at Amritsar in 1919

Answer 42

● REsulted in the killing or wounding of more than 1400 unarmed demonstrators by British troops

Answer 43

● In 1921, British passed this ● A major concession that allowed five million Indians to vote and created a new parliamnet with 2/3 Indian membership ● THe Congress demanded more

Answer 44

● A leading figure in the Congress since 1915 ● Known to his followers as Mahatma or great soul ● Imprisoned several times by the British, he combined political activism and Hindu religious principle to devise the policy of nonviolent resistance

Answer 45

● Nonviolent resistance ● In 1930, after the British iposed a punitively high tax on salt, rather than protest violentl, Gandhi led 5000 people on a 200-mile march to the seashore, where they began to make salt illegally by drying out seawater ● When the British arrived, Gandhi allowed himself to be arrested peacefully

Answer 46

● A secular modernizer ● Political leader in the Congress ● Together with Gandhi, they pressed for full independence

Answer 47

● British granted a consituttion that promised eventual self-rule

Answer 48

● Congress response to the constitution in 1937 | ● Britain realized that it would have to accelerate its plans for withdrawal

Answer 49

● Ended many years of cooperation witht eh Congress and founded hte All-India Muslim League in 1930 ● Aimed not just for independnec from Britain but also for the creation of a separate Islamic state ● Failure of the Muslim League and the Congress to resolve their differences peacefully led to great bloodshed nad laid the foundation for decades of ongoing Indo-Pakistani rivalry

Answer 50

● The United Fruit Company | ● US sphere of influence

Answer 51

● Authorized the US to intervene in Cuba's foreign policy and gave it the option to lease hte Guantanamo naval base

Answer 52

● The Americans also occupied Haiti in 1915 to protect US sugar companies

Answer 53

● Established a long-term military presence in Panama after opening hte Panama Canal in 1914

Answer 54

● Invaded northern Mexico in 1916, ahotuhgt this was a response to repeated raids on US soil by the rebel leader Pancho Villa

Answer 55

● Only attept to reduce US influence in Latin America | ● Franklin Roosevelt proposed the withdrawal of troops from Haiti

Answer 56

● Mexico ● brazil ● Argentina

Answer 57

● Followed a pattern not unlike China's ● The liberal dmocrat Francisco Madero overthrew Porfirio Diaz, a general who had ruled since 1876, modernizing the country but growing corrupt and abusive over time ● Ended with the death of Carranza

Answer 58

● Was not destined to govern for long ● He was pressued by rural radicals like Franciso Pancho Villa nad Emiliano Zapata from the left who initially supported him and led uprigins against him when he did not deliver agrarian reform as rapidly as he had promised ● From the right, Madero faced opposition from conservative military officers, who staged a coup in 1913 and executed him

Answer 59

● Madero's liberal ally ● Took back power in 1914 and enacted the COnstiuttion of 1917 ● Radical insurrections on one side and military disloyalty on the other side ● Although he defeated Zapata in 1919, he was removed in 1920 by the general Alvaro Obregon and soon killed

Answer 60

● Guaranteed universal suffrage (including for women) ● Separation of church and state ● Right to strike

Answer 61

● Fundamentally restored order in Mexico in early 1930s ● Eliminated Villa in 1923 and instituated a number of land,, labor and educational reforms ● Stepped down in 1924, only to be assassinated in 1928

Answer 62

● Obregon's successors founded the party, which renamed itself the Institutional revolutionary party (PRI) in 1946 and ruled until the late 1980s ● Claimed to govern in the revolution's name but created a durable oligarchy in which the party chose a president every six years and arranged a democratic election that guaranteed victory to its candidate

Answer 63

● Presidnet of Mexico from 1934-1940 ● Conditions for lower classes imporved ● Carried out a popular land reform ● Stood up to the uS with his nationalization of hte oil industry

Answer 64

● Tranferring 40 million acres from the upper classes to the peasantry

Answer 65

● Because Cardenas compensated US investors for their losses, FDR abided by his Good Neighbor Policy and did not intervene, allowed Cardenas to form PEMEX, Mexico'a state-run oil enterprise

Answer 66

● Descended deep into dictatorship in 1930, when an oligarchy dominated by wealthy landowners gave way tot he despotic presidency of hte cattlemand Getulio Vargas

Answer 67

● Ruled from the far right until 1945 ● Freed Brazil from its economic overdependence on coffee exports and turned it into Latin America's most industrialized nation ● He censored the press and authorized his secret police to torture prisoners

Answer 68

● Military ousted radical president Hipolito Yrigoyen in 1930 who had spent the 1920s antagonizing the army and elite classes witho pro-union and pro-working policies ● This infamous decade of dictatorship lasted until 1943, when another series of coups paved hte way for the 1946 rise of another storngman, the charismatic general Juan Peron

Answer 69

● In 1919, 23 governments there could be considered democratic ●By 1939, half of them had become dictatorships of varying degrees of severity, especially Italy, which slipped into fascism as early as 1922 and Germany, driven to Nazism in 1933 by the Depression ● Even well-established democracies like Britain and France experienced political weakness and economic sluggishness

Answer 70

● British elections returned weak-willed coalition governemnts ● French governemtn lurched from left to right and back again in ludicrously frequent elections ● Made them difficult to cope with the growing threat of Nazi Germany

Answer 71

● Place like Britain, Canada, and the US refused them entry | ● European jews did not anticipate how much worse Nazi rule would become

Answer 72

● Remained advantageous for economic elietes and foreign investors to continue plantation monoculture and the extraction of a handful of raw mateirals rather than industrializing or diversifying ● The Depression devastated Latin American economies by wiping out international demand for nearly half their exports