Interpsychic Theories: Individual & Interpersonal Psychology Flashcards
Alfred Adler’s school of thought
Individual Psychology
A leading concept of Adler’s individual psychology is his emphasis on the importance of h___ c___ and s__.
human culture and society
It is crucial not simply for the development of an individual personality, but also for the orientation of each and every behavior and emotion in a person’s life
Human society
- refers to that urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment
- expresses itself subjectively in one’s consciousness of having something in common with other people and of being one of them
- expresses itself objectively in cooperation with others toward the betterment of human society
Social interest
The principle of f__ means that individuals are oriented toward goals that guide their behavior
Finalism
Adler suggested that the psych has its primary objective, the g__ o_ s___
Goal of Superiority
Initially, Adler conceived of the primary motivating force as aggression. Later, he identified the primary drive as a? WTP
will to power
striving for superiority arises because as human beings we feel inferior; it has origin in our encounter as infants with the environment.
Inferiority feelings
Each individual develops a unique way of striving for superiority that is called a SOL
Style of Life
Style of Life Results from a combination of two factors:
- The inner goal orientation of the individual with its particular fictional finalism.
- The forces of the environment that assist, impede, or alter the direction of the individual.
What are Adler’s Four Primary Type of Style? RGAS-U
Ruling type of style
Getting type of style
Avoiding type of style
Socially-useful type of style
aggressive, dominating people who have little social interest or cultural perception
Ruling type of style
dependent people who take rather than give
Giving type of style
people who try to escape life’s problems and engage in little socially constructive activity
Avoiding type of style
people with a great deal of social interest and activity
Socially-useful type of style
refers to one’s position within the family in terms of birth order among siblings and the presence or absence of parents or caregivers.
Family constellation
- Tend to be more intelligent, achievement oriented, conforming, and affiliative.
- They often try to regain the glory that was theirs before they were dethroned by younger siblings.
- They are frequently oriented toward the past and show a high degree of concern with power, which may express itself as a desire to exercise authority, lead, or protect and help others.
Oldest child
- May feel the need to accelerate and catch up with the first child.
- Often dream of running to catch things.
- They are apt to be competitive and ambitious and often surpass the firstborn in achievement and motivation.
- However, they are not as concerned with power.
Second child
- Are more sociable and dependent, having been the “baby” of the family.
- They may also strive for excellence and superiority in an effort to surpass their older siblings.
- The last-born child who is spoiled and pampered may continue a helpless and dependent style of life into adulthood.
Last-born child
- Tend to be more like older children in that they enjoy being the center of attention.
- Because they spend more time in the company of adults, rather than siblings, they tend to mature sooner and to adopt adultlike behaviors earlier in life.
- However, only children are also the most likely to be pampered.
Only child
assists in determining whether or not the child will react actively or passively, constructively or destructively, in the quest toward superiority
Family atmosphere
the climax of his theory. It is the self in its creative aspects that interprets and makes meaningful the experiences of the organism and that searches for experiences to fulfill the person’s unique style of life
Creative self
CS establishes, maintains, and pursues the goals of the individual
Creative self
aims at restoring the patient’s sense of reality, examining and disclosing the errors in goals and styles of life, and cultivating social interest. Adler believed that birth order, early memories, and dreams provide the best tools for assessing personality
Adlerian Psychotherapy
Harry Stack Sullivan’s school of thought
Interpersonal psychology
is a central concept in Sullivan’s theory, as it was for Freud, conceived as any painful feeling or emotion that may arise from organic needs or social insecurity, that arises from social insecurity and thought of anxiety as interpersonal in origin, beginning with the child’s empathetic perception of the mother’s concerns
Anxiety
an interpersonal device that a person uses to minimize anxiety
Security operation
Some of the security operations that Sullivan described are: SSiAib
Sublimation
Selective inattention
“As-if” behavior
expression and discharge of uncomfortable feelings in ways that are interpersonally acceptable, such as releasing anger verbally rather than by hitting or kicking the object of anger.
Sublimation
the failure to observe some factor in an interpersonal relationship that might cause anxiety, such as not noticing a spouse’s flirtations because those activities threaten one’s own self-esteem.
Selective inattention
means that we act out a false but practical role
“As-if” behavior
a pattern of energy transformation that characterizes an individual’s interpersonal relations, and result from experiences with other people
Dynamism
The child who is afraid of strangers illustrates? DOF
Dynamism of fear
young male who during adolescence seek sexual relations with young women is expressing? DOL
Dynamism of lust
- It is made up of all the security operations by which an individual defends the self against anxiety and ensures self-esteem
- it is also a self-image constructed on the basis of interpersonal experiences
Self-system
refers to the content of awareness when one is thoroughly satisfied with oneself. It is based on experiences that were rewarding and is characterized by a lack of anxiety.
good-me self
is the self-awareness that is organized around experiences to be avoided because they are anxiety producing.
bad-me self
entails aspects of the self that are regarded as dreadful and that cannot be permitted conscious awareness and acknowledgement.
not-me self
- a group of feelings, attitudes, and thoughts that have arisen out of one’s interpersonal experiences
- it can relate to the self or to other persons
- are seldom accurate
- nevertheless, they persist and are influential in shaping our attitudes and actions towards others
Personification
frequently hinder our ability to relate to different people
Stereotypes or Prejudgements
Sullivan’s Stages of Development in personality development prior to adulthood: ICJePaEa
Infancy Childhood Juvenile era Preadolescence Early adolescence
interpersonal relationships that crystallize around the feeling situation
Infancy
the development of healthy relationships with one’s parents
Childhood
the need to relate to playmates and same-sex peers
Juvenile era
a chum relationship, the beginning of intimate reciprocal human relationships. Could entail overt homosexual genital activity
Preadolescence
integration and stabilization of culturally appropriate adult social, vocational, and economic behavior
Early adolescence
Sullivan’s 3 Cognitive processes: PrPaSy
Prototaxic experience
Parataxic experience
Syntaxic experience
which is the characteristics of the infant. There is no distinction between the self and the external world. The child directly perceives certain sensations, thoughts, and feelings but does not think about them or draw any conclusions.
Prototaxic experience
perceives causal relations between events that happen together. It involves making generalizations about experience on the basis of proximity.
Parataxic experience
characteristic of the young child, whose mind is too immature to understand the causal laws of nature
Parataxic thinking
the highest level of cognitive activity which uses symbols and relies on consensual validation, or agreement among persons; it relies upon symbols whose meaning is shared by other people in one’s culture, such as the use of language. S__ t__ begins to develop in childhood. Ideally as adults our experience is almost completely symbolic and dependent on syntaxic modes of cognition.
Syntaxic experience
an observer is also a participant in the event being observed. While also observing what is going on, the psychiatrist invariably affects the relationship and alters the other person’s behavior
Participant observation
Sullivan’s Four Stages of Interview Process in Psychotherapy: IRDiT
Inception
Reconnaissance
Detailed inquiry
Termination
the beginning, during which the patient introduces the problem
Inception
during which the therapist raises questions in order to develop a case history and tentative hypotheses about the patient
Reconnaissance
in which the therapist tests his or her hypotheses by observing the patient’s behavior and responses
Detailed inquiry
a structured ending during which the therapist summarizes what has been learned and prescribes some kind of action that the patient might take in regard to his or her problem
Termination
treats psychological problems in the context of the family
Family therapy
