Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Question 1

suggests that all knowledge originates in experience

Answer 1

Empiricism

Question 2

a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR) until it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

He is the father of American behaviorism

Answer 3

John Watson

Question 4

He conducted several experiments with animals in order to gain further understanding of the learning process and formulated the law of effect

Answer 4

Edward Thorndike

Question 5

This law of learning states that when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again. If the performance is accompanied by frustration, it tends to decrease

Answer 5

Law of effect

Question 6

This book depicted the position of Black Americans and is about a courageous study of black social immobility, was banned in Georgia and South Africa and later influenced civil rights activists and programs

Answer 6

Caste and Class in a Southern Town

Question 7

refers to some kind learned association between a stimulus and response that makes them occur together frequently

Answer 7

Habits

Question 8

It is the primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits

Answer 8

drive reduction

Question 9

a strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger

Answer 9

Drive

Question 10

These are associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, such as the drives of hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep

Answer 10

Primary drives

Question 11

These are learned on the basis of primary drive and considered to be elaborations of the primary drives

Answer 11

Secondary drives

Question 12

any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response

Answer 12

Reinforcer

Question 13

It reduces primary drives such as food, water, or need for sleep

Answer 13

Primary reinforcers

Question 14

They are originally neutral, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 14

Secondary reinforcers

Question 15

A learning drive that talks about a stimulus impelling a person to act, but in no way does the drive direct or specify behavior. It simply impels.

Answer 15

Drive

Question 16

A learning process that refers to a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond

Answer 16

Cue

Question 17

A learning process that refers to one’s reaction to the cue

Answer 17

Response

Question 18

A learning process that refers to the effect of the response

Answer 18

Reinforcement

Question 19

If a response is not reinforced by satisfying a drive, it will undergo e____, that doesn’t eliminate a response but merely inhibits it, enabling another response to grow stronger and supersede.

Answer 19

Extinction

Question 20

If present responses are not reinforcing, the individual is placed in a l____ d___ and will try different responses until one is developed that satisfies the drive

Answer 20

Learning dilemma

Question 21

occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked

Answer 21

Frustration

Question 22

If the frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time, the situation is described as one of c____

Answer 22

Conflict

Question 23

The concept of Ap___ and Av___ Te__ is used to distinguish among several different types of conflict in which an individual seeks to approach or avoid one or more goals

Answer 23

Approach and Avoidance Tendencies

Question 24

the individual is simultaneously attracted to two goals that have positive value but are incompatible

Answer 24

approach-approach conflict

Question 25

a person faces two undesirable alternatives

Answer 25

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 26

one goal both attracts and repels the individual

Answer 26

approach-avoidance conflict

Question 27

in which an individual must deal simultaneously with multiple goals that both attract and repel

Answer 27

double approach-avoidance conflict

Question 28

we are aware of certain drives or cues because they are?

Answer 28

Unlabeled

Question 29

refers to cues or responses that once were conscious but have been repressed because they were ineffective

Answer 29

Unconscious processes

Question 30

An influential book written by B.F. Skinner that describes a utopian society based on psychological principles

Answer 30

Walden II

Question 31

For him, personality was ultimately superfluous because overt behavior can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner

Question 32

can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment

Answer 32

overt behavior

Question 33

The effort to understand or explain behavior in terms of internal structures such as personality or an ego is to speak about “f____”

Answer 33

fictions

Question 34

For Skinner, re____ is anything that increases the likelihood of a response

Answer 34

Reinforcement

Question 35

A type of behavior that refers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli. Such behaviors are unlearned. They occur involuntarily and automatically

Answer 35

Respondent behavior

Question 36

A type of behavior that describes responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present. They occur spontaneously

Answer 36

Operant behavior

Question 37

involves reinforcing and shaping spontaneous responses

Answer 37

Operant conditioning

Question 38

A schedule of reinforcement that talks about the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs

Answer 38

Continuous reinforcement

Question 39

A schedule of reinforcement that refers when the organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate.

Answer 39

Interval reinforcement

Question 40

A schedule of reinforcement that describes the rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits.

Answer 40

Ratio reinforcement

Question 41

occurs when a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future

Answer 41

Positive reinforcement

Question 42

comes about when a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations

Answer 42

Negative reinforcement

Question 43

occurs when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it

Answer 43

Punishment

Question 44

seeks to restructure the environment so that undesired behaviors are eliminated and more desired ones substituted

Answer 44

Behavior modification