Experimental Analysis of Behavior Flashcards
suggests that all knowledge originates in experience
Empiricism
a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR) until it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).
Classical conditioning
He is the father of American behaviorism
John Watson
He conducted several experiments with animals in order to gain further understanding of the learning process and formulated the law of effect
Edward Thorndike
This law of learning states that when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again. If the performance is accompanied by frustration, it tends to decrease
Law of effect
This book depicted the position of Black Americans and is about a courageous study of black social immobility, was banned in Georgia and South Africa and later influenced civil rights activists and programs
Caste and Class in a Southern Town
refers to some kind learned association between a stimulus and response that makes them occur together frequently
Habits
It is the primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits
drive reduction
a strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger
Drive
These are associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, such as the drives of hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep
Primary drives
These are learned on the basis of primary drive and considered to be elaborations of the primary drives
Secondary drives
any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response
Reinforcer
It reduces primary drives such as food, water, or need for sleep
Primary reinforcers
They are originally neutral, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
A learning drive that talks about a stimulus impelling a person to act, but in no way does the drive direct or specify behavior. It simply impels.
Drive
A learning process that refers to a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond
Cue
A learning process that refers to one’s reaction to the cue
Response
A learning process that refers to the effect of the response
Reinforcement
If a response is not reinforced by satisfying a drive, it will undergo e____, that doesn’t eliminate a response but merely inhibits it, enabling another response to grow stronger and supersede.
Extinction
If present responses are not reinforcing, the individual is placed in a l____ d___ and will try different responses until one is developed that satisfies the drive
Learning dilemma
occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked
Frustration
If the frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time, the situation is described as one of c____
Conflict
The concept of Ap___ and Av___ Te__ is used to distinguish among several different types of conflict in which an individual seeks to approach or avoid one or more goals
Approach and Avoidance Tendencies
the individual is simultaneously attracted to two goals that have positive value but are incompatible
approach-approach conflict
a person faces two undesirable alternatives
avoidance-avoidance conflict
one goal both attracts and repels the individual
approach-avoidance conflict
in which an individual must deal simultaneously with multiple goals that both attract and repel
double approach-avoidance conflict
we are aware of certain drives or cues because they are?
Unlabeled
refers to cues or responses that once were conscious but have been repressed because they were ineffective
Unconscious processes
An influential book written by B.F. Skinner that describes a utopian society based on psychological principles
Walden II
For him, personality was ultimately superfluous because overt behavior can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment
B.F. Skinner
can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment
overt behavior
The effort to understand or explain behavior in terms of internal structures such as personality or an ego is to speak about “f____”
fictions
For Skinner, re____ is anything that increases the likelihood of a response
Reinforcement
A type of behavior that refers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli. Such behaviors are unlearned. They occur involuntarily and automatically
Respondent behavior
A type of behavior that describes responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present. They occur spontaneously
Operant behavior
involves reinforcing and shaping spontaneous responses
Operant conditioning
A schedule of reinforcement that talks about the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement that refers when the organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate.
Interval reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement that describes the rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits.
Ratio reinforcement
occurs when a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future
Positive reinforcement
comes about when a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations
Negative reinforcement
occurs when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it
Punishment
seeks to restructure the environment so that undesired behaviors are eliminated and more desired ones substituted
Behavior modification
