International crises before the First World War Flashcards
The Moroccan Crises dates
first moroccan crisis (1906-1907)
second moroccan crisis / Agadir Crisis (1911)
the First Moroccan Crisis
France -> wanted to turn Morocco (Africa) into french colony
1904 -> entente cordiale (brit + france) -> gets free hand in Morocco
-> alarmed Germany (Kaiser William II had active colonial policy + wanted colonies in Africa)
1905 -> Kaiser visit Tangier (important port in Morocco) -> keep French ambitions in check
declare Morocco independent
1906 -> 12 states sent rep to conference at Algeciras (Spain) -> Morocco come within French sphere of influence
FRANCO-GERMAN relations worsen -> Germany isolated (only A-H) backing her up
Entente Cordiale
1904
France and Britain, France gets free hand in Morocco
The Entente Cordiale, an agreement between Britain and France, resolved a number of longstanding colonial disputes,
Britain gave a free hand to France in Morocco
France gave a free had to Britain in Egypt
established a diplomatic understanding between the two countries, which however stopped short of binding either to any military undertaking in support of the other.
Second Moroccan Crisis
1911 -> uprising against sultan in Morocco
-> asked France for help -> sent troops to capture Fez (Moroccan capital)
Germany fear France will take over Morocco -> “protect German interests” -> send The Panther (gunboat) to Agadir
Germany vs France + Britain -» very likely
Germany backed down
settled when Morocco became protectorate under France
Germany obtain small portion of French congo
how was the second moroccan crisis solved
when Morocco became protectorate under France
Germany obtain small portion of French congo
how was the first moroccan crisis solved
Algeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control
France VS Germany
Moroccan Crises
Bosnian Crisis
1908 -> A-H annexed Bosnia + Herzegovina (part of Turkish empire)
Serbia + Russia -> angry
Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country (pan-slavism)
hopes gone -> A-H annex
Russia:
1. extend own influence into balkans -> opposed austrian action
Germany declared to aid A-H
-> discouraged Russia from taking immediate action against A-H
Russia + Serbia -> forced to accept annexation
… Black Hand -> Serbian secret terrorist society -> encourage nationalist movement against A-H
Bosnian Crisis date
1908
why was serbia angry that A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1908
Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country (Greater Serbia Movement )
hopes gone -> A-H annex
why was Russia angry that A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
1908
wanted to extend own influence into balkans
- considered self leader of Slavic countries
- advocated ‘Pan-Slavism’
-wanted ice-free port
-> transportation
-> trade
-> expansions
The First Balkan War
1912-1913
Turkish Empire -> weakened late 19th century
Balkan countries ready to take advantage
-» 2 balkan wars
After wars:
1. size of Turkish Empire reduced -> lost most of EU territory (shared amongst Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria)
2. Albania was created (A-H made this arrangement to check on Slav nationalism -> Serbia dissatisfied although enlarged because its independent)
1914 -> Austrian-Serbian conflict in Balkans -> escalated
The first Balkan War participating countries and date
First Balkan War 1912
The Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro)
vs
Turkey
The second Balkan War date and participating countries
1913
The Balkan League (Apart from Bulgaria) + Turkey + Rumania
vs
Bulgaria
The Balkan League
Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro
Austria-Hungary VS Serbia
Bosnian Crisis 1908
A-H annexed Bosnia + Herzegovina (part of Turkish empire)
Serbia + Russia -> angry
Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country
hopes gone -> A-H annex
Russia:
1. extend own influence into balkans -> opposed austrian action
Germany declared to aid A-H
-> discouraged Russia from taking immediate action against A-H
Russia + Serbia -> forced to accept annexation
Balkan Wars 1912-1913
Turkish Empire -> weakened late 19th century
Balkan countries ready to take advantage -> drive turks out of EU
-» 2 balkan wars
After war
Albania was created (A-H made this arrangement to check on Slav nationalism -> Serbia dissatisfied although enlarged because its independent)
Black Hand -> encourage nationalist movement against A-H
1914 -> Austrian-Serbian conflict in Balkans -> escalated
how tense and poor relations sowed the seed for the outbreak of WWI
close relationships among EU powers
Russia <-> britain and france (after the Bosnian crisis)
Germany <-> A-H (backed A-H up for the bosnian crisis)
Britain <-> France (2nd Moroccan crisis vs germany)
three emperors league
1881, Germany, A-H, Russia
lapsed in 1887
Russia VS A-H
Russia support Serbia if Serbia threaten A-H
Russia and Serbia slav countries
Russia supported Serbia to be stronger antagonized Austria-Hungary ->
badrelationship between Russia and Austria- Hungary.
colonial rivalry (imperialism) -> both wanted land
What did Serbia do before WW1 and why
expanded territories -> bigger and more powerful.
Nationalism- the desire to unite all Serbs under its leadership (Greater Serbia Movement) + be respected by the other powers
why Russia and A-H were enemies before WW1
Russia considered itself to be the leader of Slavic countries and advocated ‘Pan-Slavism’, which aimed at placing all Eastern Europe, Balkan states and the Slav-inhabited areas in Austria-Hungary under its control.
Greater Serbia movement
Serbia hoped to form a Greater Serbia -> uniting all the Serbians that were ruled under Austria-Hungary + Ottoman Empire
e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Montenegro.
why does A-H oppose the greater serbia movement?
Serbia achieved her aim, the Serbs living in Austria-Hungary would unite with Serbia.
Austria-Hungary would lose the Serbs and the land they inhabited.
Austria-Hungary would become smaller and weaker.
angle of serbia in A-H’s expansion
The expansion of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans boosted an anti-Austrian sentiment among Serbians.
The black hand
officially Unification or Death, was a secret society founded in Serbia on June 10, 1910.
terrorist action, it therefore remained secret.
- Aimed to unify all Serbs
- Austria-Hungary was an obstacle to the unification of all
Serbs -> Austria-Hungary should be removed. - Spread anti-Austrian propaganda
• Trained saboteurs
• Used acts of violence and political murder
Russian results of Bosnian Crisis
Russia suffered from diplomatic failure.
Russia’s relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary deteriorated.
It moved closer to Britain and France.
goals of the black hand
Aimed to unify all Serbs
❏ Austria-Hungary was an obstacle to the unification of all
Serbs, Austria-Hungary should be removed.
❏ Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. It shattered the dream of Serbia to achieve a greater Serbia.
how did the black hand function
- Spread anti-Austrian propaganda
- Trained saboteurs
- Used acts of violence and political murder
reasoning behind signing of Treaty of london
Austria-Hungary was afraid of a stronger Serbia and therefore proposed an independent Albania.
The powers eventually signed the Treaty of London to ensure Albania’s independence.
Why was Serbia angry A-H made Albania independent
Albania independent-> Serbia can’t get land -> shattered Serbian dream to become a greater Serbia in the Balkans.
the second balkan war reasoning
Bulgaria was discontented with the territorial arrangement made by the Treaty of London -> declared war on Serbia
Serbia Greece Montenegro Turkey Rumania
vs Bulgaria (defeated)
Serbia’s plan to annex Albania was again obstructed by the strong opposition of Austria-Hungary made Serbia more determined to take revenge on
Austria-Hungary.
result of second balkan war
The victorious countries partitioned Bulgaria’s territorial gains in the Balkan War.
Serbia’s territories increased greatly by one-third.
Serbia’s plan to annex Albania was again obstructed by the strong opposition of Austria-Hungary made Serbia more determined to take revenge on
Austria-Hungary
Serbia vs A-H
A-H annnex bosnia and herzegovina (bosnian crisis) set up Albania (first balkan war)
won most of the land in the Balkans + became a leading state among the Slavs <- A-H was afraid of such development
The rise of Serbia blocked Austrian expansion there.
Serbia:
enlarged after the wars + determined to build a large Slav state
encouraged the Slav people in Austria-Hungary to seek independence
more ready to fight for her cause
