International crises before the First World War

Question 1

The Moroccan Crises dates

Answer 1

first moroccan crisis (1906-1907)
second moroccan crisis / Agadir Crisis (1911)

Question 2

the First Moroccan Crisis

Answer 2

France -> wanted to turn Morocco (Africa) into french colony
1904 -> entente cordiale (brit + france) -> gets free hand in Morocco
-> alarmed Germany (Kaiser William II had active colonial policy + wanted colonies in Africa)

1905 -> Kaiser visit Tangier (important port in Morocco) -> keep French ambitions in check
declare Morocco independent

1906 -> 12 states sent rep to conference at Algeciras (Spain) -> Morocco come within French sphere of influence
FRANCO-GERMAN relations worsen -> Germany isolated (only A-H) backing her up

Question 3

Entente Cordiale

Answer 3

1904
France and Britain, France gets free hand in Morocco

The Entente Cordiale, an agreement between Britain and France, resolved a number of longstanding colonial disputes,

Britain gave a free hand to France in Morocco

France gave a free had to Britain in Egypt

established a diplomatic understanding between the two countries, which however stopped short of binding either to any military undertaking in support of the other.

Question 4

Second Moroccan Crisis

Answer 4

1911 -> uprising against sultan in Morocco
-> asked France for help -> sent troops to capture Fez (Moroccan capital)

Germany fear France will take over Morocco -> “protect German interests” -> send The Panther (gunboat) to Agadir

Germany vs France + Britain -» very likely
Germany backed down

settled when Morocco became protectorate under France
Germany obtain small portion of French congo

Question 5

how was the second moroccan crisis solved

Answer 5

when Morocco became protectorate under France
Germany obtain small portion of French congo

Question 6

how was the first moroccan crisis solved

Answer 6

Algeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control

Question 7

France VS Germany

Answer 7

Moroccan Crises

Question 8

Bosnian Crisis

Answer 8

1908 -> A-H annexed Bosnia + Herzegovina (part of Turkish empire)
Serbia + Russia -> angry

Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country (pan-slavism)
hopes gone -> A-H annex

Russia:
1. extend own influence into balkans -> opposed austrian action

Germany declared to aid A-H
-> discouraged Russia from taking immediate action against A-H
Russia + Serbia -> forced to accept annexation
… Black Hand -> Serbian secret terrorist society -> encourage nationalist movement against A-H

Question 9

Bosnian Crisis date

Answer 9

1908

Question 10

why was serbia angry that A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina

Answer 10

1908
Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country (Greater Serbia Movement )
hopes gone -> A-H annex

Question 11

why was Russia angry that A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina

Answer 11

1908
wanted to extend own influence into balkans
- considered self leader of Slavic countries
- advocated ‘Pan-Slavism’
-wanted ice-free port
-> transportation
-> trade
-> expansions

Question 12

The First Balkan War

Answer 12

1912-1913
Turkish Empire -> weakened late 19th century
Balkan countries ready to take advantage
-» 2 balkan wars

After wars:
1. size of Turkish Empire reduced -> lost most of EU territory (shared amongst Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria)
2. Albania was created (A-H made this arrangement to check on Slav nationalism -> Serbia dissatisfied although enlarged because its independent)

1914 -> Austrian-Serbian conflict in Balkans -> escalated

Question 13

The first Balkan War participating countries and date

Answer 13

First Balkan War 1912
The Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro)
vs
Turkey

Question 14

The second Balkan War date and participating countries

Answer 14

1913
The Balkan League (Apart from Bulgaria) + Turkey + Rumania
vs
Bulgaria

Question 15

The Balkan League

Answer 15

Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro

Question 16

Austria-Hungary VS Serbia

Answer 16

Bosnian Crisis 1908
A-H annexed Bosnia + Herzegovina (part of Turkish empire)
Serbia + Russia -> angry

Serbia -> largest slav country
1. govern all slavs in the Balkans
2. bring all neighbouring lands of Bosnia and Herzegovina under her control -> form one large dependent slav country
hopes gone -> A-H annex

Russia:
1. extend own influence into balkans -> opposed austrian action

Germany declared to aid A-H
-> discouraged Russia from taking immediate action against A-H
Russia + Serbia -> forced to accept annexation

Balkan Wars 1912-1913
Turkish Empire -> weakened late 19th century
Balkan countries ready to take advantage -> drive turks out of EU
-» 2 balkan wars

After war
Albania was created (A-H made this arrangement to check on Slav nationalism -> Serbia dissatisfied although enlarged because its independent)

Black Hand -> encourage nationalist movement against A-H
1914 -> Austrian-Serbian conflict in Balkans -> escalated

Question 17

how tense and poor relations sowed the seed for the outbreak of WWI

Question 18

close relationships among EU powers

Answer 18

Russia <-> britain and france (after the Bosnian crisis)
Germany <-> A-H (backed A-H up for the bosnian crisis)
Britain <-> France (2nd Moroccan crisis vs germany)

Question 19

three emperors league

Answer 19

1881, Germany, A-H, Russia
lapsed in 1887

Question 20

Russia VS A-H

Answer 20

Russia support Serbia if Serbia threaten A-H
Russia and Serbia slav countries
Russia supported Serbia to be stronger antagonized Austria-Hungary ->
badrelationship between Russia and Austria- Hungary.

colonial rivalry (imperialism) -> both wanted land

Question 21

What did Serbia do before WW1 and why

Answer 21

expanded territories -> bigger and more powerful.

Nationalism- the desire to unite all Serbs under its leadership (Greater Serbia Movement) + be respected by the other powers

Question 22

why Russia and A-H were enemies before WW1

Answer 22

Russia considered itself to be the leader of Slavic countries and advocated ‘Pan-Slavism’, which aimed at placing all Eastern Europe, Balkan states and the Slav-inhabited areas in Austria-Hungary under its control.

Question 23

Greater Serbia movement

Answer 23

Serbia hoped to form a Greater Serbia -> uniting all the Serbians that were ruled under Austria-Hungary + Ottoman Empire
e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Montenegro.

Question 24

why does A-H oppose the greater serbia movement?

Answer 24

Serbia achieved her aim, the Serbs living in Austria-Hungary would unite with Serbia.
Austria-Hungary would lose the Serbs and the land they inhabited.
Austria-Hungary would become smaller and weaker.

Question 25

angle of serbia in A-H’s expansion

Answer 25

The expansion of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans boosted an anti-Austrian sentiment among Serbians.

Question 26

The black hand

Answer 26

officially Unification or Death, was a secret society founded in Serbia on June 10, 1910.
terrorist action, it therefore remained secret.

• Aimed to unify all Serbs
• Austria-Hungary was an obstacle to the unification of all
  Serbs -> Austria-Hungary should be removed.
• Spread anti-Austrian propaganda
  • Trained saboteurs
  • Used acts of violence and political murder

Question 27

Russian results of Bosnian Crisis

Answer 27

Russia suffered from diplomatic failure.
Russia’s relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary deteriorated.
It moved closer to Britain and France.

Question 28

goals of the black hand

Answer 28

Aimed to unify all Serbs
❏ Austria-Hungary was an obstacle to the unification of all
Serbs, Austria-Hungary should be removed.
❏ Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. It shattered the dream of Serbia to achieve a greater Serbia.

Question 29

how did the black hand function

Answer 29

1. Spread anti-Austrian propaganda
2. Trained saboteurs
3. Used acts of violence and political murder

Question 30

reasoning behind signing of Treaty of london

Answer 30

Austria-Hungary was afraid of a stronger Serbia and therefore proposed an independent Albania.
The powers eventually signed the Treaty of London to ensure Albania’s independence.

Question 31

Why was Serbia angry A-H made Albania independent

Answer 31

Albania independent-> Serbia can’t get land -> shattered Serbian dream to become a greater Serbia in the Balkans.

Question 32

the second balkan war reasoning

Answer 32

Bulgaria was discontented with the territorial arrangement made by the Treaty of London -> declared war on Serbia
Serbia Greece Montenegro Turkey Rumania
vs Bulgaria (defeated)

Serbia’s plan to annex Albania was again obstructed by the strong opposition of Austria-Hungary made Serbia more determined to take revenge on
Austria-Hungary.

Question 33

result of second balkan war

Answer 33

The victorious countries partitioned Bulgaria’s territorial gains in the Balkan War.
Serbia’s territories increased greatly by one-third.
Serbia’s plan to annex Albania was again obstructed by the strong opposition of Austria-Hungary made Serbia more determined to take revenge on
Austria-Hungary

Question 34

Serbia vs A-H

Answer 34

A-H annnex bosnia and herzegovina (bosnian crisis) set up Albania (first balkan war)

won most of the land in the Balkans + became a leading state among the Slavs <- A-H was afraid of such development
The rise of Serbia blocked Austrian expansion there.

Serbia:
enlarged after the wars + determined to build a large Slav state
encouraged the Slav people in Austria-Hungary to seek independence
more ready to fight for her cause