Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

The Next Generation > Internal Med Rotation > Flashcards

Internal Med Rotation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of cortisol

A

Regulates blood pressure, vascular tone, carbohydrate and fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Regulates sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cortisol is an insulin _ hormone

A

antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most potent stimulant for cortisol production?

A

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For dogs, they can have primary hypothryoidism. What are the two most common causes?

A

Lymphocytic thryoiditis and idiopathic atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs of hypothryoidism in dogs and signalment?

A

Middle age, pure breed dogs.
Signs -> decreased metabolic rate, lethargy, weakness, obestiy and exercise intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What routine lab tests can we do to detect hypothryoidism?

A

We can see hypercholesteremia, sometimes mild non regenerative anemia
-Clinical signs, routine chemistries, specific thyroid function tests, response to treatmetn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the standard typically for testing hypothryoidism

A

Serum total T4. Low T4 not specific for hypothryoidism .
-Low T4 and clincial signs adeqaute for diagnosis .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Decreased thyroid hormones _ TSH

A

increases. Will see elevated TSH.
-Test is not very sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can we see on CBC for early hypothroidism

A

Elevated TSH and low or normal T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do we use to treat hypothroidism?

A

Levothryoixine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do we monitor dogs with hypothryoidism?

A

-recheck in 6-8 weeks, clincial resonse and post pill testing.
-see good clincial resonse is most importnat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What CS can we see related to hypercalcemia?

A

generalized weakness, PU/PD, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do we treat diseases with hypercalcemia?

A
  1. Rule our spurious hypercalcemia.
  2. if repeateable, measure an ionized calcium. If azotemia is present, could be induced renal failure. If normal ionized calcium then its renal failure induced hypercalcemia.
  3. History and Cs
  4. Look at CBC and chem.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common type of cancer that causes hypercalcemia?

A

lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What Cs relate to hypocalcemia?

A

muscle tremors, facial rubbing, stiff gait, behavior changes, and seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What diseases tend to have mild or severe hypocalcemia?

A

primary hypoparathryoidism ,ecclampsia, malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do we go about diagnosing hypocalcemia?

A
  1. Rule out hypoabluminemia.
  2. History and Cs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type 1 vs Type II diabetes mellitus

A
  1. Aboslute hypoinsulinemia. loss of Beta cells. Occus via immune mediated destruction. Requires insulin injections for the rest of its life.
  2. Relative hypoinsulinemia. Impairment of Beta cells. Concurrent insulin resistance. Also called non-insulin dependent. Can only occur in the cat, cna manage with diet sometimes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What drug can cause an increase in insulin?

A

corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the CS of diabetes mellitus?

A

-glyosuria and polyuria
-PU/PD
-weight loss
-polyphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can we see on serum chemistry with diabetes mellitus?

A

Hyperglycemia, Increased liver enzymmes, Hyperchoelsteremia and triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we diagnose diabetes mellitus?

A

CS, persistent fasting hyperglycemia, persistent fasting glucosuria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What test do we use to differentiate between stress hyperglyemia and diabetes?

A

fructosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What additional signs of diabetes mellitus can we se in dogs?
bilateral cataracts, dry haircost, abdominal distension
26
What are clinical signs of feline hypothryoidism?
-weight gain, decreased appetite, lethargy,
27
How do we diagnose hypothroidism?
Low T4,
28
What is happening with hyperthroidism?
Excess roduction of T3 and T4
29
Signalment and Cs of hyperthryoidism?
Cats usually over 8 year, weightloss with good appetite, PU/PD, vomiting, unkept haircoat, thryoid nodule or slip,
30
CBC of hyperthyrodisim
-elevated ALT and ALP,
31
How do we diagnose hyperthroidism?
elevated thryoid hormone with CS, -fREE t4 WITH TOTAL t4
32
What do we do with animals that are PU/PD?
Determine if they are truly PUPD -can do multiple urinary specific gravity determinations -quantify how much water they drink at home
33
PU pd -in tact female -muscle weakness -peripheral lymphadenopathy -weight loss with good appetite -truncal alopecia, distended abdomen, thin skin
-pyometra -hypokalemia -hypercalcemia diabetes in a dog or hyperthryoidism in cats -hyperadrenocortisim
34
What is the most common cause of cushings?
pituitary dependent. due to excess ACTH secretion
35
CBC and chem of cushings?
-stress leukogram (mature neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and eosopenia) -thrombocytosis -hyperglycemia, incrase liver enzymes
36
How can we diagnose this?
urine cortisol:creatinine ratio -meaure urine cortisol and creatinine. above range possible low dose dexamethasone test. measure blood sample at 0, 4 and 8 hours. if lower than reference range then its normal . Can do ACTH stim test. measure cortisol .You give cosyntropin
37
What is addisons disease?
-deficiency of cortisol or cortisol and aldosterone
38
What are the CS of addisons?
PU/PD, hypvolemia shocka nd bradycardia ,
39
What does the CBC and chem look like?
non regenerative anemia, lack of a stress leukogram, azotemia, hypercalcemia, low sodium and high potassium
40
What does the chme look like for addions?
renal failure and hepatic insufficiency or protein losing enteropathy
41
How do we test for addisons?
baseline cortisol- > If less than 2 possibly has addisons. ACTH stim test -> administer cosyntropin, If less than 2 the dog has addiosn .
42
How do we treat addisons?
if an an addisonian crisis -> IV fluid therapy, ACTH stmi test, corticosteroid replacement If not
43
What are CS of esophagela disease?
-Regurge, drooling, repeated or painful swallowing, failure to thrive, coughing
44
How do we treat esophagitis?
-sucrulfate, proton pump inhibitors, metaclopramide, feeding tube placement
45
small vs large bowel diarrhea
large -> increased frequency, decreased fecal volume, mucus, frank blood, tenesmus small -> normal to slighly increased frequency, increased fecal volume, melena, vomiting and weight loss
46
Hemmorhagtic gastroenteritis
-Cause is unknown, -small breed dogs -rasberry jam, bad odor -severe dehydration and hypovolemia shock -abdominal pain and discomfort treatment -> -supporitve treatment
47
Giardia
-mild, self limiting or severe acute diarrhea. Chronic small bowel diarrhea and weight loss. Treat with fenbendazole or metronidazole
48
IBD
-most common ->lymphoplasmacytic enteritis -chronic smlal bowel diarrhea/ mixed. diagnose-> biospsies treat with prednisone
49
Food responsvie enteropathy
2 week minimum diet trial
50
Intestinal neoplasia
chronic small bowel diarreha, weight loss, variable appetite -diagnose -> biopsy treat ->prednisone in cats chemotherapy for lage cell
51
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
-weight loss with ravenous appetite -voluminous pulpy feces, yellow to orange -young to middle aged GSD and collies -diagnose with finding a low TLI Treat -> pancreatic enzymes
52
Chronic idopathic hepatitis
Insult to liver that initates immune response. -biopsy required for diagnosis
53
Copper hepatopathy
-see increases in ALT and ALP primary -> centrilobar secondary -> periportal
54
Pre renal vs renal
greater than 1.030 for dogs and greater than 1.035 for cats 1.008-1.012
55
What do you do with the different stages in kidney disease?
pre-renal ->rehydrate and verify if azotemia resoles if post renal ->correct obstruction, provide fluid therapy, veryify if resolves
56
What are clincial signs of acute kidney disease or failure
oliguria or nauria letharygy, loss of appetite, vomiting, weighloss, diarrhea
57
What are the CS of chronic kidney disease?
PU.PD, letharyg dehydration poor appetie, vomting, constipation in cats
58
How do we diagnose and treat chronic kidney disease?
Stage 1 and 2 ->ID and treat the primary disease processes and disease 2 AND 3 ->slow disease progresswion with renoprotectivetreatment 3 and 4 -> alleivate symptoms
59
Acute pancreatitis
-activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas -abomdinal pain, vomting, anorexia, diarrhea -AMS greater than 10x -lps INCREASED
60
ALP> ALT ALT>alp
cholestatic hepatocellular

The Next Generation (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions