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The Next Generation > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What position is considered breached?

A

-posterior presentation, dorsal-sacral, bilateral hindlimb flexion

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2
Q

What are the stages of birth in the bovine?

A

1- typically seen in heifers, restlessness, shifting leg, isolation, average 6 hours but can be up to 24
2- acitvely pushing, delivery of calf, 2-4 hours on average
3- should pass placenta by 8 hours

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3
Q

What are the stages of the mare?

A

1- most mares foal at night, final position and posture achieved, 1-4 hours on average, can delay if interrupted
2-frequent urination and defecation, pushing with delivery of foal, 11-20 min on average
3- pass the placenta by 3 hours. 123 rule

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4
Q

small ruminants stages

A

1- primiparous 2-12 hours, pluriparous 1-2 hours, cervical seal released
2-pushing with delivery of kid and lamb, 1-3 hours on average
stage 3- pass placenta in whole by 1 hour, retained if past 12 hours

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5
Q

canine and feline stages

A

1- any time of day, oxytocin regulators upregulated, 16-18 hours
2- pushing and delivery of fetus, 4-12 hours on average
3- cycle between stage 2 and 3 for passing placenta

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6
Q

porcine

A

stage 1- cervical dilation, 2-12 hours, females begin nesting 24 hours prior
2: myometrial contraction, piglet expelled every 15 minutes
stage 3- fetal membrane expulsion,

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7
Q

camelid stages

A

1- stoic, average 4 hours
2- first sign may be seeing fetus at vulvar lips, 30-45 minutes,
3- pass placenta in whole by 6 hours

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8
Q

What is a mammary complex?

A

glandular body and 1 pappilla (teat)

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9
Q

Which species have one orifice?
two?
4?

A

cow, doe, ewe
-mare and sow
queen and bitch

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10
Q

Describe the milk pathway

A

the alveoli secrete milk which travel through the multiple excretory ducts -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinus -> teat canal -> teat orifice

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11
Q

in carnivores the lactiferous sinus is?

A

simple fusiform enlargement of the lactiferous duct

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12
Q

How many teat canals per teat does the sow have?

A

2

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13
Q

Describe the blood supply of the bitch queen and sow

A

cranially -> cranial superifical epigastric coming from the internal thoracic artery and vein
caudally -> caudal superifical epigastric coming form the pudendoepigastric trunk and vein
-lateral thoracic arteries

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14
Q

what is the nerve supply of the carnivores and sow?

A

intercostal and genitofemoral

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15
Q

lymphatic drainage of the carnivores and sow?

A

caudally -> superficial inguinal lymph node
cranially -> axially and sternal

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16
Q

how many lactiferous units does the mare have per teat?

A

2

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17
Q

describe the suspensory apparatus of the equine compared to the cow?

A

less developed countries

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18
Q

the equine blood supply?

A

the external pudendal artery divides into cranianl mammary and caudal mammary

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19
Q

lactiferous system of the cow?

A

lactiferous ducts -> gland sinus -> teat sinus -> teat canal and teat ostium

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20
Q

what are 4 sites of obstruction in the teat?

A

-teat ostium
fursenbergs rosette
teat sinus obstruction
annular fold of mucosa

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21
Q

In the suspensory apparatus of the cow, the right and left of the medial parts fuse to form what?

A

middle suspensory ligament of the udder

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22
Q

in the external pudendal artery in the cow, what does it didivde into?

A

cranial mammary, middle, and caudal mammary

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23
Q

where can blood drain in the cow?

A

cranial or caudal vena cava

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24
Q

what are the 3 routes venous blood can travel?

A

-external pudendal vein, or through the cranial mammary into milk vein and anastomose with cranial superifical epigastric or caudally through caudal mammary gland and anastomse with labial vein

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25
Q

What does a typical dystocia for small animals look like?

A

-anterior, dorsal sacral with legs extended

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26
Q

What would we look for when does a vaginal exam during a dystocia case?

A

fergusons reflex and feel for puppies

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27
Q

what determines if we can medically manage these reflexes

A

ferguson’s reflex

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28
Q

When do you intervene with mares?

A

no evidence of strong contractions, and or no progression in delivery within 10 minutes of chorioallantois rupture
-obvious maldisposition of fetus
-signs of colic
red baf

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29
Q

when to intervene with ruminants?

A

-30 minute rule -> dam should make progress every 30 minutes before intervening
-obvious maldisoposition of the fetus

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30
Q

when to intervene with hporcine

A

-failure to deliver piglets within an hour or two of the onset of labor or an interval longer than 1 hours between delivery of piglets within a litter
-prolonged gestation, ill sow
-abnormal vulvar discharge

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31
Q

when to intervene with camelids?

A

if first stage of labor exceeds 6 hours with increasing signs of discomfort or if second stage of labor does not progress normally within 10 minutes of rupture of allantoic sac
-signs of colic
abnormal vulvar discharge

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32
Q

how do we deliver babies in ruminants and horses?
sows?

A

standing
lateral recumbency

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33
Q

How can we find a breech?

A

-just feel the tail

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34
Q

What is always considered an emergency?

A

mare dystocia

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35
Q

if you cant correct a mare dystocia within 15 minutes, waht do you do?

A

c-section

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36
Q

If the fetus is obstructin the birth canal in a sow, what do you do?

A

c-section

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37
Q

When can you give a gilt oxytocin when dealing with a dystocia case?

A

after confirming the cervix is open

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38
Q

When do you do a c-section on a camelid?

A

-if the fetal heart beat is less than 50

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39
Q

What should you never do when resuscitating a neonate/

A

-hang it upside down

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40
Q

How do we perform a fetotomy on an anterior presenting animal?

A

-head first, then first limb, second limb, through trunk, then pelvic area

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41
Q

Standing restraint vs dorsal restraint in rumaintns

A

-standing -> sedation usually required, many go down. Xylazine, Good tissue healing and tension. Need to have someone to manipulate the uterus and exteriorize

dorsal -> more risk of bloat, need asssitance, good for uterine viewing

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42
Q

what is the largest protein component of milk?

A

casein

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43
Q

what is the rate limiting step in milk produciton of cattle?

A

lactose production

44
Q

what happens if we increase grain and decrease fiber intake of our dairy cattle?

A

increased milk production, increase rpotein content, decreased fat

45
Q

in the ruminaint, horse, and pig what are they considered until after the ingestion of colostrum?

A

agammaglobulinemic

46
Q

what are the 5 stages of lactation?

A

-mammiogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis, galctokinesis, involution

47
Q

what leads to complete lobuloalevolar development?

A

estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

when does milk peak for dairy cattle after produciton?
what about sheep and goats?

A

90 days
4 weeks

49
Q

What is the viablity score based on and what are the poor to good prognostic indicators

A

-heart rate, rr, mucous membranes, fetal tone, and reflexes
0-3 poolr
4-6 moderate
7-10 good

50
Q

How much weight should a puppy gain a day? what about a kittne

A

5-10% until 5 months
10-15 grams per day

51
Q

what is the major source of antibodies for neonates?

A

colostrum

52
Q

when does the cardiac system mature by? liver? kidneys?

A

8 weeks
4-5 months
9-11 weeks

53
Q

what does the rectal temp of a puppy have to be before feeding?

A

greater than 96

54
Q

what is the maxmimum stomach capacity of a puppy?

A

400 ml/ 100 g

55
Q

how do you feed a neonate?

A

2-3 ml per 100 g per feeding
first 2 weeks, feed every 2 hours
then the next 2, every 3-6 hours

56
Q

what are neonates 3 worst enemics?

A

hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hypovolemia

57
Q

what is a shock bolus in neontates? waht about maintenace?

A

30-40 ml/kg
3-4 ml per kg

58
Q

when are you most likely to see mortality of a neonate

A

within the first week of

59
Q

what is the max amount of blood you can take from a neonate

A

1ml/100 g per week

60
Q

What two main things need to happen to trigger parturition?

A

-maturaiton of the HPGA axis and the fetus needs to get stressed

61
Q

What occurs during the first stage of partuirtion?

A

-fetus gets stressed, cervix begins to dilate, uterine contractions start, the chorioallantoic membrane beings to enter vagina

62
Q

what occurs during the second stage of paturition?

A

-cervix is fully dilated, uterine contracitons continue, abdominal contractions start, the chorioallntoic membrane ruptures and the fetus is expelled

63
Q

what occurs during the third stage of partuition?

A

-placenta is expelled

64
Q

how can we predict when a dog will give birth?

A

-take their rectal temperature twice daily, if a drop to 95 degrees will give birth
-ultrasound
-measure p4

65
Q

how can we predict when a mare gives birth?

A

-measure ca if greater than 200 ppm, will foal within 24-72 hours
-drop in milk ph to acidi, will foal within 24 hours

66
Q

what do we mostly rely on in ruminants to predict birth?

A

-breeding date and physical changes

67
Q

what do we mostly rely on for pigs giving birth?

A

-physical changes and breeding date

68
Q

what are reasons we would induce an animal early?

A

-mismatch, prlonged gestation (need to have very accurate due dates), edema of mammary gland, medical necessity, if likelyhood of intervention is high

69
Q

When do we use anestheisa vs analgesics for farm animal castraiton?

A

-anesthesisa -> complications
analgesis -> give lidocaine block for testicles and spermatic cord, can give flunixin

70
Q

when do we do standing vs recumbent castration in a horse?

A

standing -> tall, docile, use line block and sedation
recumbent -> most common, use general anesthesia

71
Q

What kind of suture is cat gut?

A

natural, multifilament and absorbable
-absorbed by macrophages

72
Q

what kind of suture is vicryl

A

-synthetic, mulitilament, absorbable
50% of tensile strength within 14 days

73
Q

what kind of suture is moncryl

A

synthetic, monofilament, absorbable
-absorbed in 90-120 days via hydrolysis
40-50% loss in 7 days, complete loss in 21 days

74
Q

what kind of suture is PDS?

A

-monofilament, synthetic, absorbable suture
-degraded by hydrolysis
absorption complete by 182 days

75
Q

what kind of suture is silk?

A

multifilament, natural, non absorbable
-degraded by phagocytosis
-100% tensile strength lost in 2 years

76
Q

what kind of suture is nylon?

A

monofilmanet, synthetic, nonabsorable sturue

77
Q

what kind of suture is polyprolyene/

A

-monofilament, synthetic, nonabsorbable

78
Q

what is the most common mammary neoplasia in cats?

A

adenocarcinima

79
Q

what do we not do when staging mammary neopalsia in canines?

A

FNA

80
Q

surgery is the treatment of choice with mammary neoplasia except?

A

-with inflammatory carcinoma or distal mestastisis

81
Q

What is the normal temperature of a neonate foal?

A

99-101.8 F

82
Q

What is the pulse and RR of a neonate fola?

A

initial brady cardia, then tachy. down to 80-100 bpm by one day of age
-initial gasps then 50-75 bpm for 20 to 30 minutes. 30-40 bpm for first two days

83
Q

What is adquate FPT in foals? Partial? Falure?

A

> 800
400-800
<400

84
Q

when are premature crias born

A

less than 335 in the fall, can be 350-360 in the spring

85
Q

If fibrinogen is increased, what does that indicate?

A

the infection happened in utero

86
Q

what blood glucose values have been associated with poor survival

A

less than 50 but greater than 180

87
Q

what antimicrobials are reccomended for foals?

A

-betalactam and aminoglycosides

88
Q

what are rescucitation fluids?

A

LRS, normosol R and plasamaylate

89
Q

Lipid soluble medicaitons vs water soluble and dosing in neonates?

A

-usually have ot increase the dose in water soluble, lipid not as much

90
Q

what is the preferred route for drug administration in the septic neonate?

A

-IV

91
Q

with drug distributionin sepsis, what protein is increased and which is decreased?

A

-albumin is decreased and alpha 1GP is increased

92
Q

what is increased and what is decreased in a septic neonate?

A

-distribution of water soluble drugs is increased nad the rest is decreasd

93
Q

Lupines causes multiple genital contractures when in gestation? what CS can we see?

A

40-70 days in gestation
-spinal and limb abnormalities

94
Q

Locoweeds

A

usually chronic exposure
-affects the CNS and heart

95
Q

what do pine needles cause?

A

-profound vasoconstriction of the caruncle arterial bed -> decreased uterine blood flow -> premature paturition

96
Q

what does fescue cause in cattle?

A

diminished reproductive efficiency
-results in vasoconstrictive effects

97
Q

Where does gossypol come from

A

cotton seed. affects dairy cows more

98
Q

fescue toxicity is more prominent when in mares?

A

-last 90 days of gestation

99
Q

How long is the dam responsible for urination and defecation of neonates?

A

the first two weeks

100
Q

when do puppies and kittens open up their eyes and ears?

A

10-14 days

101
Q

Hypocalcemia is most likely seen when in sheep vs cattle?

A

sheep -> before parturition
cattle -> one month in lactation

102
Q

when should cattle nurse by?
small ruminants?
pigs?

A

45-90 minutes
30-45 minutesminutes
25-35 minuts

103
Q

How much should calves consume? what bout small ruminants? pigs?

A

in the first 2 hours, calves should consume 7.5% of their body weight. 7.% percent more in the next 6-12 hours
lambs and kits 5% within the first two hours
pigs- same as small ruminants

104
Q

What should the temperature of a neonate be right after calving?
lambs and kids?
piglets?

A

102-103
103-104
102-103

105
Q

How much should ruminants be fed?
piglets?
after 2 weeks?

A

0-4 days -> feed 4 times a day. after 4 days to the second week, 3 times a day
-every 3 hours
-2 times a day

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