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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What position is considered breached?

A

-posterior presentation, dorsal-sacral, bilateral hindlimb flexion

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2
Q

What are the stages of birth in the bovine?

A

1- typically seen in heifers, restlessness, shifting leg, isolation, average 6 hours but can be up to 24
2- acitvely pushing, delivery of calf, 2-4 hours on average
3- should pass placenta by 8 hours

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3
Q

What are the stages of the mare?

A

1- most mares foal at night, final position and posture achieved, 1-4 hours on average, can delay if interrupted
2-frequent urination and defecation, pushing with delivery of foal, 11-20 min on average
3- pass the placenta by 3 hours. 123 rule

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4
Q

small ruminants stages

A

1- primiparous 2-12 hours, pluriparous 1-2 hours, cervical seal released
2-pushing with delivery of kid and lamb, 1-3 hours on average
stage 3- pass placenta in whole by 1 hour, retained if past 12 hours

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5
Q

canine and feline stages

A

1- any time of day, oxytocin regulators upregulated, 16-18 hours
2- pushing and delivery of fetus, 4-12 hours on average
3- cycle between stage 2 and 3 for passing placenta

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6
Q

porcine

A

stage 1- cervical dilation, 2-12 hours, females begin nesting 24 hours prior
2: myometrial contraction, piglet expelled every 15 minutes
stage 3- fetal membrane expulsion,

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7
Q

camelid stages

A

1- stoic, average 4 hours
2- first sign may be seeing fetus at vulvar lips, 30-45 minutes,
3- pass placenta in whole by 6 hours

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8
Q

What is a mammary complex?

A

glandular body and 1 pappilla (teat)

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9
Q

Which species have one orifice?
two?
4?

A

cow, doe, ewe
-mare and sow
queen and bitch

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10
Q

Describe the milk pathway

A

the alveoli secrete milk which travel through the multiple excretory ducts -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinus -> teat canal -> teat orifice

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11
Q

in carnivores the lactiferous sinus is?

A

simple fusiform enlargement of the lactiferous duct

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12
Q

How many teat canals per teat does the sow have?

A

2

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13
Q

Describe the blood supply of the bitch queen and sow

A

cranially -> cranial superifical epigastric coming from the internal thoracic artery and vein
caudally -> caudal superifical epigastric coming form the pudendoepigastric trunk and vein
-lateral thoracic arteries

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14
Q

what is the nerve supply of the carnivores and sow?

A

intercostal and genitofemoral

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15
Q

lymphatic drainage of the carnivores and sow?

A

caudally -> superficial inguinal lymph node
cranially -> axially and sternal

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16
Q

how many lactiferous units does the mare have per teat?

A

2

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17
Q

describe the suspensory apparatus of the equine compared to the cow?

A

less developed countries

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18
Q

the equine blood supply?

A

the external pudendal artery divides into cranianl mammary and caudal mammary

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19
Q

lactiferous system of the cow?

A

lactiferous ducts -> gland sinus -> teat sinus -> teat canal and teat ostium

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20
Q

what are 4 sites of obstruction in the teat?

A

-teat ostium
fursenbergs rosette
teat sinus obstruction
annular fold of mucosa

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21
Q

In the suspensory apparatus of the cow, the right and left of the medial parts fuse to form what?

A

middle suspensory ligament of the udder

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22
Q

in the external pudendal artery in the cow, what does it didivde into?

A

cranial mammary, middle, and caudal mammary

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23
Q

where can blood drain in the cow?

A

cranial or caudal vena cava

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24
Q

what are the 3 routes venous blood can travel?

A

-external pudendal vein, or through the cranial mammary into milk vein and anastomose with cranial superifical epigastric or caudally through caudal mammary gland and anastomse with labial vein

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25
What does a typical dystocia for small animals look like?
-anterior, dorsal sacral with legs extended
26
What would we look for when does a vaginal exam during a dystocia case?
fergusons reflex and feel for puppies
27
what determines if we can medically manage these reflexes
ferguson's reflex
28
When do you intervene with mares?
no evidence of strong contractions, and or no progression in delivery within 10 minutes of chorioallantois rupture -obvious maldisposition of fetus -signs of colic red baf
29
when to intervene with ruminants?
-30 minute rule -> dam should make progress every 30 minutes before intervening -obvious maldisoposition of the fetus
30
when to intervene with hporcine
-failure to deliver piglets within an hour or two of the onset of labor or an interval longer than 1 hours between delivery of piglets within a litter -prolonged gestation, ill sow -abnormal vulvar discharge
31
when to intervene with camelids?
if first stage of labor exceeds 6 hours with increasing signs of discomfort or if second stage of labor does not progress normally within 10 minutes of rupture of allantoic sac -signs of colic abnormal vulvar discharge
32
how do we deliver babies in ruminants and horses? sows?
standing lateral recumbency
33
How can we find a breech?
-just feel the tail
34
What is always considered an emergency?
mare dystocia
35
if you cant correct a mare dystocia within 15 minutes, waht do you do?
c-section
36
If the fetus is obstructin the birth canal in a sow, what do you do?
c-section
37
When can you give a gilt oxytocin when dealing with a dystocia case?
after confirming the cervix is open
38
When do you do a c-section on a camelid?
-if the fetal heart beat is less than 50
39
What should you never do when resuscitating a neonate/
-hang it upside down
40
How do we perform a fetotomy on an anterior presenting animal?
-head first, then first limb, second limb, through trunk, then pelvic area
41
Standing restraint vs dorsal restraint in rumaintns
-standing -> sedation usually required, many go down. Xylazine, Good tissue healing and tension. Need to have someone to manipulate the uterus and exteriorize dorsal -> more risk of bloat, need asssitance, good for uterine viewing
42
what is the largest protein component of milk?
casein
43
what is the rate limiting step in milk produciton of cattle?
lactose production
44
what happens if we increase grain and decrease fiber intake of our dairy cattle?
increased milk production, increase rpotein content, decreased fat
45
in the ruminaint, horse, and pig what are they considered until after the ingestion of colostrum?
agammaglobulinemic
46
what are the 5 stages of lactation?
-mammiogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis, galctokinesis, involution
47
what leads to complete lobuloalevolar development?
estrogen and progesterone
48
when does milk peak for dairy cattle after produciton? what about sheep and goats?
90 days 4 weeks
49
What is the viablity score based on and what are the poor to good prognostic indicators
-heart rate, rr, mucous membranes, fetal tone, and reflexes 0-3 poolr 4-6 moderate 7-10 good
50
How much weight should a puppy gain a day? what about a kittne
5-10% until 5 months 10-15 grams per day
51
what is the major source of antibodies for neonates?
colostrum
52
when does the cardiac system mature by? liver? kidneys?
8 weeks 4-5 months 9-11 weeks
53
what does the rectal temp of a puppy have to be before feeding?
greater than 96
54
what is the maxmimum stomach capacity of a puppy?
400 ml/ 100 g
55
how do you feed a neonate?
2-3 ml per 100 g per feeding first 2 weeks, feed every 2 hours then the next 2, every 3-6 hours
56
what are neonates 3 worst enemics?
hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hypovolemia
57
what is a shock bolus in neontates? waht about maintenace?
30-40 ml/kg 3-4 ml per kg
58
when are you most likely to see mortality of a neonate
within the first week of
59
what is the max amount of blood you can take from a neonate
1ml/100 g per week
60
What two main things need to happen to trigger parturition?
-maturaiton of the HPGA axis and the fetus needs to get stressed
61
What occurs during the first stage of partuirtion?
-fetus gets stressed, cervix begins to dilate, uterine contractions start, the chorioallantoic membrane beings to enter vagina
62
what occurs during the second stage of paturition?
-cervix is fully dilated, uterine contracitons continue, abdominal contractions start, the chorioallntoic membrane ruptures and the fetus is expelled
63
what occurs during the third stage of partuition?
-placenta is expelled
64
how can we predict when a dog will give birth?
-take their rectal temperature twice daily, if a drop to 95 degrees will give birth -ultrasound -measure p4
65
how can we predict when a mare gives birth?
-measure ca if greater than 200 ppm, will foal within 24-72 hours -drop in milk ph to acidi, will foal within 24 hours
66
what do we mostly rely on in ruminants to predict birth?
-breeding date and physical changes
67
what do we mostly rely on for pigs giving birth?
-physical changes and breeding date
68
what are reasons we would induce an animal early?
-mismatch, prlonged gestation (need to have very accurate due dates), edema of mammary gland, medical necessity, if likelyhood of intervention is high
69
When do we use anestheisa vs analgesics for farm animal castraiton?
-anesthesisa -> complications analgesis -> give lidocaine block for testicles and spermatic cord, can give flunixin
70
when do we do standing vs recumbent castration in a horse?
standing -> tall, docile, use line block and sedation recumbent -> most common, use general anesthesia
71
What kind of suture is cat gut?
natural, multifilament and absorbable -absorbed by macrophages
72
what kind of suture is vicryl
-synthetic, mulitilament, absorbable 50% of tensile strength within 14 days
73
what kind of suture is moncryl
synthetic, monofilament, absorbable -absorbed in 90-120 days via hydrolysis 40-50% loss in 7 days, complete loss in 21 days
74
what kind of suture is PDS?
-monofilament, synthetic, absorbable suture -degraded by hydrolysis absorption complete by 182 days
75
what kind of suture is silk?
multifilament, natural, non absorbable -degraded by phagocytosis -100% tensile strength lost in 2 years
76
what kind of suture is nylon?
monofilmanet, synthetic, nonabsorable sturue
77
what kind of suture is polyprolyene/
-monofilament, synthetic, nonabsorbable
78
what is the most common mammary neoplasia in cats?
adenocarcinima
79
what do we not do when staging mammary neopalsia in canines?
FNA
80
surgery is the treatment of choice with mammary neoplasia except?
-with inflammatory carcinoma or distal mestastisis
81
What is the normal temperature of a neonate foal?
99-101.8 F
82
What is the pulse and RR of a neonate fola?
initial brady cardia, then tachy. down to 80-100 bpm by one day of age -initial gasps then 50-75 bpm for 20 to 30 minutes. 30-40 bpm for first two days
83
What is adquate FPT in foals? Partial? Falure?
>800 400-800 <400
84
when are premature crias born
less than 335 in the fall, can be 350-360 in the spring
85
If fibrinogen is increased, what does that indicate?
the infection happened in utero
86
what blood glucose values have been associated with poor survival
less than 50 but greater than 180
87
what antimicrobials are reccomended for foals?
-betalactam and aminoglycosides
88
what are rescucitation fluids?
LRS, normosol R and plasamaylate
89
Lipid soluble medicaitons vs water soluble and dosing in neonates?
-usually have ot increase the dose in water soluble, lipid not as much
90
what is the preferred route for drug administration in the septic neonate?
-IV
91
with drug distributionin sepsis, what protein is increased and which is decreased?
-albumin is decreased and alpha 1GP is increased
92
what is increased and what is decreased in a septic neonate?
-distribution of water soluble drugs is increased nad the rest is decreasd
93
Lupines causes multiple genital contractures when in gestation? what CS can we see?
40-70 days in gestation -spinal and limb abnormalities
94
Locoweeds
usually chronic exposure -affects the CNS and heart
95
what do pine needles cause?
-profound vasoconstriction of the caruncle arterial bed -> decreased uterine blood flow -> premature paturition
96
what does fescue cause in cattle?
diminished reproductive efficiency -results in vasoconstrictive effects
97
Where does gossypol come from
cotton seed. affects dairy cows more
98
fescue toxicity is more prominent when in mares?
-last 90 days of gestation
99
How long is the dam responsible for urination and defecation of neonates?
the first two weeks
100
when do puppies and kittens open up their eyes and ears?
10-14 days
101
Hypocalcemia is most likely seen when in sheep vs cattle?
sheep -> before parturition cattle -> one month in lactation
102
when should cattle nurse by? small ruminants? pigs?
45-90 minutes 30-45 minutesminutes 25-35 minuts
103
How much should calves consume? what bout small ruminants? pigs?
in the first 2 hours, calves should consume 7.5% of their body weight. 7.% percent more in the next 6-12 hours lambs and kits 5% within the first two hours pigs- same as small ruminants
104
What should the temperature of a neonate be right after calving? lambs and kids? piglets?
102-103 103-104 102-103
105
How much should ruminants be fed? piglets? after 2 weeks?
0-4 days -> feed 4 times a day. after 4 days to the second week, 3 times a day -every 3 hours -2 times a day

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