Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the course of anatomic structures starting with the ovary?
A
ovary, uterine tube, uterine horn, cervix, vagina
2
Q
What are the 3 parts of the peritoneal fold in the female?
A
mesovarium - suspends the ovary
mesosalpinx- suspends the uterine tube
mesometrium- suspends the uterine horn and body
3
Q
Compare the ovarian bursa of a dog vs catt
A
cats have incomplete ovarian bursa
4
Q
What are the different parts of the uterine tube?
A
isthums, infundibulum, ampulla, uterotubul junction
5
Q
What is the main blood supply of the ovary?
A
Ovarian blood supply from the aorta
6
Q
What is within the ovarian pedicle?
A
The suspensory ligament and the artery and vein, the ovarian artery and vein, fat and connecttive tissue
7
Q
Describe what the vaginal process surrounds in the male dog vs female dog
A
-bitch -> round ligament of the uterus
male -> spermatic cord
8
Q
What are the first few layers of the scrotum?
A
-skin/ tunica dartos, fascia, peritoneum
9
Q
Where is the epidyimus located in comparison to the testes?
A
dorsolateral
10
Q
What is the innervation of the epididymus/
A
pelvic nerve plexus
11
Q
What is the course of the ductus deferens?
A
Runs dorsally with the spermatic cord -> inguinal canal -> abdomen
courses cranially then loops around ventral to the ureter at the lateral ligmaent of the bladder
-penetrates the prostate to open into the pelvic urethra lateral to the colliculus seminalis
12
Q
What are the nerves that erect the penis?
which are for ejaculation?
A
pelvic
-hypogastric and pudendal
13
Q
What is puberty?
A
the physiologic requirement is the development of specific hypothalmic neurons to release adequate quantities of GnRH
14
Q
What are the ages that
bovine
ovine/caprine
porcine
equine
canine
feline relach puberty?
A
11 months
7 months
7 and 6 months
14 and 18 months
9 and 12 months
9 and 8 months
15
Q
what is necessary to defeminize a male?
A
estradiol
16
Q
What does not surge in the male?
A
LH
17
Q
what is a majory factor when accounting for age of puberty?
A
body weight
18
Q
Steroid hormones are _ based
A
cholesterol
19
Q
Where are steroid hormone recepotrs?
A
the nucleus
20
Q
peptide protein hormone receptors are _ proteins
A
transmembrane
21
Q
Gonadotropin releasing hormones?
A
synthesized and secreted by hypothalmic neurons
travels locally via a portal vein
22
Q
LH vs FSH on the male?
A
LH -> leydig cells that make T and feedback to anterior pituitary to suprress FSH
FSH -> sertoli cells. Convert T to DTH and E2 which can feedback to hypothalamus and suppress GnRh.
23
Q
What are the 3 parts of the Urogenital Sinus?
A
cranial vesicular part ->bladder
Middle pelvic part -> urethra
caudal phallic part / vestibular
24
Q
The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into what parts?
A
ventral (primitive urogenital sinus and urogenital membrane
dorsal (anorectal canal and anal membrane)
25
Proneprhos
Mesonephros
Metanephros
Primitive kidney. Non functional in mammals
Intermediate kidney. functional in fetus
modern kidney in lumbosacral region
26
Where does the inguinal ligament extend?
the tubar coxae to the iliopubic eminence
27
What are the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring/
cranially: IAO
caudally: the inguinal ligament
medailly:prepubic tendon
28
What structures pass through the inguinal cnal in males? Females?
spermatic cord and cremaster muscle
-vaginal process, genitofemeoral nerve, superifial iliac lymph node, pedundal nerve and artery
29
what muscles make up the pelvic diaphgram?
coccygeus and levator ani
30
What are the branches of the internal iliac artery?
umbilica, caudal rectal, and internal pudendal
31
Describe feline saddle thrombus condition
a clot gets stuck in the external iliac artery. Present limb and cold
32
What is the main draining lymph node in the pelvic region?
medial iliac lymph node
33
All the lymph from the pelvic cavity drains in what order?
medial iliac lymph node, lumbar trunks, cisterna chyli, thoracic duct, heart
34
What is the sympathetic innervation in the pelvic cavity?
hypogastric nerve
35
What is the innervation from the pudendal nerve inside the pelvic cavity?
Outside?
external sphincter of the UB
striated muscle wall of the pelvic urethra
-caudal rectal nerve, perneial nerves, dorsal nerve of the penis and clitoris
36
How do primordial germ cells intitially proliferate?
mitoses
37
Describe spermatogenesis
Look at powerpoint
38
What substances do sustenecular cells produce?
androgen binding protein, estradiol, and testicular fluid
39
Where are interstitial cells found and what do they produce?
in the seminiferous tubules and produces testosterone in resonse to LH
40
How is spermatidgeneis different than oogenesis?
each secondary spermatocyte undergoes the secondary meiosis dividsion to produce two spermatids
41
Difference between secondary oocyte and polar body?
oocyte has most of the cytoplasm the polar body is smaller
42
For each follicle, what is ovulated?
the secondary oocyte, the first polar body
43
What is a primordial follicle?
an arrested primary follicle with squamous layer of ovarian cells
44
How are the testis developed (hormonally) vs ovaries?
testis have sertoli cells which secrete MIF. Paramesonephric ducts are suppressed. They also have leydig cells which secrete testosterone which then make dihydrotestosterone where the external genitalia is stimulated
45
What are the 3 sources that the indiffernet gonad develops from?
mesnechym of gonadal ridge> medulla
mesothelium lining the coelum -> cortex
primordial germ cells -> oogonia and spermatogonia
46
Improper migration to extragonadal regions of primordial germ cells can give rise to what?
teratomas
47
How do the testis develop?
the epithelial cords lose their connection to the epithelium from the invagination of the tunica albuginea. the epitheila cords branch forming the seminiferous tubules. THe primordial germs cells migrate into these tubules. ends of horseshoe interconnecting forming the rete testis plexus. THe rete testis becomes connected to the mesonephric duct by the mesonephric tubule and form the head of the epididymus. Rete testes lie across from the mesonephric tubules. mesonephric tubules cranial and caudal to testees degenerate. remaining tubules loose glomerular end and attach to rete testi forming the efferent ductules. Mesonephric duct will become the epididymus and ductus deferens
48
How does the ovary develop?
the primitive sex cords of the indifferent gonad breaks up into clusters of cells called the primary medullarya cords which are replaced later by vascular stroma to form the medulla in the ovary.
The celomic epithelium proliferates to form a second generation of ovary cords which divide into isolated clusters. Each cell cluster will form the follicular cells of a pirmary follicle
THe primordial germ cells migrate and become incorporated into the clusters and give rise to oogonia
49
What happens to the cranial gonadal ligament during development?
male: weak and regressed (androgens effect)
female: suspensory ligament to ovaries in carnivores
50
How do the testis descend?
Regression of the cranial gonadal ligament (androgens from interstitial cells cause regression. Releases testes from abdominal wall)
Phase 2- transabdominal descent. Gonads are retroperitoneal and retain this position as they descend. Retroperitonal migration to level of deep inguinal ring
Phase 3- Trans inguinal descent. Action of gubernaculum and testosterone. Pulls fascial and periontela layers from abdomen
51
How does the vagina develop?
the lower tip of the fused mullerian ducts forms and elevenation known as mullerian tubercle. This grows and fuses with a bud from the urogenital sinus known as vaginal plate forming the vagina. The vaginal plate thickens, elongates and extends around the solid end of mullerian tubercle. Later the plate is canalized and the vaginal fornices are formed
52
What animals are short day breeders?
Which are long day breeders?
ovine, caprine
mare, queen, jill
53
Describe what occurs during proestrus
follicular growth and rising estrogen levels -dominant follicle
internal reproductive tract becomes soften or toned in prep for sperm transport and fertilization
54
Estrus?
Follicular dominance with maximum production of estrogen in females -induces LH surge
Estrogen prepares uterus and uterine terbs for sperm transport
pre-ovulatory LH surge-oocyte maturation and ovulation
55
Metestrus
Corpus luteum is developed from CH
-progesterone levels increasing and preparing uterus for embryo and preganncy maintenance
-embryo partially develops in uterine tube
56
Anestrus
exhibited mainly by seasonal breeders influenced by photoperiods
57
Cow cycles?
polyesterous
proesterous->esterous->metsterous-> diesterous
58
Ewe/Doe?
Short day breeders
Ewe has shorter cycle
59
Sow cycle
polyesterous
60
What occurs during ovulation with the bitch?
primary oocytes are ovulated
61
Queen cycle?
seasonal polyesterous breeders
proesterous->estrous-> diesterous
62
What peaks during estrus?
LH
63
How long are gilts vs sow in estrus?
Gilt -36-48 hours
Sow: 48-72 hours
64
What are the physical changes of the bitch during proestrus?
vulvular swelling , hemorrhagical vulvular discharge
65
What is the dominant hormone during diestrus in the bitch and when does it peak?
progesterone. 25-30 days post ovulation. Prolactitn is also importnat
66
Explain how long vs short day breeding works
short day -> Increased melatonin secretion. Decreased GnRh release. FSH secretion does not change. LH is at basal levels
Long day -> Decreased melatonin secretion. Increased GnRh release, continued FSH secretion, increased lH surge activity
67
FSH and LH
FSH ->follicular recruitment
LH ->follicular maturation, production of estrogen
68
Estrogen
Progesterone
-produced by a dominant follicle. positive feedback on LH release,negative on FSH
-Produced by CL, negative feedback on LH
69
What drug do we use to inhibit estrus behavior?
Regumate (altrenogest)
70
What drug can you use to lyse the CL bring mare into heat?
Cloprosentol or dinoprost
71
What can you use to induce ovulation with 48 hours
hCG or deslorenin
72
On either side of the median ligament in the horse, what is there?
the pubovesical pouch
73
If there is a fistula from the rectum to the genital tract, if its _ to the tract there will be peritonitis
Cranial
74
What anchors the rectum?
what anchors the reproductive tract?
primarly muscles
primarly fascia
75
Where is the ovary located in the mare?
sublumbar region
76
Where does the gravid uterus lie in the mare?
to the left on the abdominal wall
77
What 3 arteries supply the uterus?
uterine branch of the ovarian artery, uterine artery of the external iliac artery, and the uterine branch of the vaginal artery
78
where is the broad ligament attached in the mare?
the dorsal aspect of the uterus
79
Compare the external fold of the stallion and the internal fold
external -> continous with body wall, haired, always visivle, forms preputial orifice
Internal -> continous with penile skin, hairless, not always visible, forms preputial ring
80
What is the ejaculatory orifice?
common opening for the ampulla and vesicular gland at the seminal colliculus
81
What is unique about the bulbospongiosus muscle in the horse?
it covers the root and the entirety of the penis
82
What animals have semen deposited in the vagina?
ruminants, primates, rodents and cats
83
What animals have semen dposited in the cervix?
pigs and equids
84
Which have semen deposited in the uterus?
dogs
85
Where does sperm capacitation occur?
in the female tract
86
when do sperm undergo ar?
only when triggered by binding to the zona pelucida of the oocyte
87
What are the acrosome reaciton steps?
sperm binds to zona pellucida on the oocytte. Drives in influx of Calcium
88
What does sperm penetration depend on?
acrosin-digested pathway and hyperactivated motility to propel sperm through pathway
89
What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?
missense -> wrong amino acid
nonsense -> stop mutation
90
Why are copy number variations important?
immune system, CNS funcon, some production traits as well as
91
What is epigenetics?
heritable changes in gene expression not related to altered DNA sequence
92
What is espistasis?
A genotype at one locus making the genotype of another
93
What stain do you use to look at sperm viability?
eosin-nigrosin
94
What slide do we use for looking at sperm morphology?
oil immersion
95
If there is a primary abnormality with sperm where does it come from?
Secondary?
Testies
epidiymis
96
Abnormal sperm morphology is most often due to what?
testicular dysfunction
97
What is the goal of dairy breed managment?
13 month calving interval
98
When should 90-95% of all cows be inseminated?
within 30 days of the VWP
99
What is the most common breeding method used in bulls?
natural
100
What is the problem with not detecting heats in cattle?
-longer calving intervals, less calvings, decreased milk production
101
Female cows will be bred via AI and inseminated when?
12-20 hours before ovulation
102
What does prostaglandin do?
Progestins?
-shorten the luteal phase. Lyse the CL
-lengthen the luteal phase. Negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary
103
Compare the OV synch protocol to co synch
Ov synch:
mostly in dairy cattle. GnRH day 0. PGF day 7. GnRH day 9. Breed 8-18 days later
Co synch: beef cattle
GnRH day0. PGF day 7. GnRH and AI 54-66 hours later
104
How many follicular waves to sheep and goats have?
3-4
105
Describe the male affect
No sigh, smell, or sign of a male for 30 days. Abruptly introduce him. 2 days later should have a silent heat, no breeding. then they will have a premature luteolysis 6-7 days later. 18-25 days later normal heat
106
What hormone treatments in goats and sheep can we use to induce ovulation?
GnRH and PG-600
107
What is AI in small ruminants mostly used ofr?
show animals, breeding stock producers and hobby farms
108
When does lysis of the CL in pigs occur/
after day 12 of cycle
109
What are freemartins?
male and female twin, the placenta fuses. Get an exchange of cells and hormones
110
What are accessory ovaries?
Ovarian tissue removed from the gonad. they cause problems when animals are ovariectomized, frequently left in and cause the animal to cycle
111
Why are ruminants more likely to get oophoritis?
because the uterotubule junction is not an effective barrier in ruminants.
112
Difference between cystic follicles and cystic corpora lutea
cystic corpora lutea result from ovulation
113
Cytic hyperplasia can be under the influence of estrogen and progesterone..
progestone knocks down the immune system -> leads to pyometra
114
What should we see on a vaginal cytology slide during proestrus?
superficial epitheilal cells, debris in the background, WBC, and Rbc
115
What should we see on cytology druing estrus?
superficial epithelial cells, no WBC, NO RBC and no debris
116
What should we see during diestrus on cytology?
parabasal cells and neutrophils
117
What is the size of the ovaries in the cow?
depends on the stage of the estrous cycle
118
Describe the shape of the ovary in small ruminants
smooth, uneven surface
119
What are within the uterus of ruminants?
caruncles
120
What is the difference between caruncles of a cow and ewe
in the ewe they are concave and pigmented
121
The vestbiule of the cow there are no _ gland
minor
122
What is important in the cow, sow and ewe
suburethral diverticulum
123
Describe the vesicular glands in the male ruminants and sow
solid, firm and lobulated, can be palpated per rectum
124
Describe the prostate gland in the bull bvs small ruminants
bull -> small body and disseminate part
small ruminants ->only disseminate part
125
What is unique about the ram and buck glans penis?
they have an erectile protuberance on the left. ONLY in the ram
126
Inbreeding vs cross breeding
inbreeding - anything that is related. Tends to be homozygous. Increases predictability while decreasing viablility
127
What do the reproductive organs feel like in diestrus vs estrus?
diestrus - toned
estrus - moderate/soft
128
Live cover insemination
pregnancy rate - 40 % per cycle
semen lasts 3-7 dyas
129
AI fresh
pregnancy rate 50% per cycle
semen longevity 2-3 days
130
AI frozen
pregnancy rate 50% per cycle
lasts 6-12 hours
131
When do we inseminate a mare?
fresh or cool 1-2 days before ovulation
frozen: 12 hours prior or 6 hours after ovulation
132
Placental mammals have what kind of placenta?
chorioallantropic placenta
133
What does the amnion do?
Provides cushion, free movement, and prevents the embryo from sticking to the amniotic wall
134
What does the placenta function as?
-kidneys, lung, immune system, and digestive system
135
What does progesterone promote? what does it suppress?
-promotes -> endometrial growth and mammary development
suppress-> myometrial contraciton
136
What do mares develop?
endometrial cups -> secrete ECG
137
What kind of placenta do horses and pigs have?
diffuse
138
What makes up the placentome in the ruminants?
caruncle and cotyledon
139
What come in to control hemorrhage?
platelets and fibrin
140
Hemostats for small vessels are?
what about larger vessels?
-definitive
temporary
141
how do you use hemostats for a small vessel?
tip toward vessel, concave surface down, grasp with tip decrease surrounding tissue damage
142
How do you ligate small vessels?
elevate hemostat to pass suture, lower hemostat parallel to tissue, rotate hemostat so concave surface up, traps ligature beneath clamp
143
Describe the 3 clamp techniques
used for larger vessels and pedicles.
144
4x4 sponge
laparatomy sponge
lap sponge soaked and dripping
puppy pad
5 ml
75 ml
100 ml
500 ml
145
How much blood is there in your patients body?
90 ml per kg
146
what are the holding layers during a spay?
-linea alba and rectus fascia
147
How do we break down the suspensory ligament?
-hold the proper ligament while strumming the suspensory ligament
148
Establishment of pregnancy requires/
-fertilization, early embryonic development, maternal recognition of pregnancy, placentation
149
what can enter the uterus?
-fertilized ova
150
which animals need to be on the same side as the CL?
cow and ewe
151
where does the embryo go in mare?
-it moves around until day 16
152
Embryo movement in litter bearing species
uterine migration and equidistant between embryos. Trophoblast elongation is on day 11 and 12 in the pig
153
What are teh gestastion periods in animals?
cow- 9 months
mare- about a year
ewe -5 months
goat-2 months
bitch and queen 2 months
sow- 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
154
When does the coneptus enter the uterus? maternal recognition of pregnancy
cow
mare
ewe
sow
bitch/queen
-day 5 or 6. maternal recognition by day 15-18. by bovine interferon
day 5 or 6. maternal recognition ->increase embryo motility/ uterine contraction on days 11-16. embryonic motility plays an important role. motility is lost day 16.
-conceptus by day 5. maternal recognition . day 12-14, ovine interferon
-conceptus enters the uterus by dayy 3 as 4-cell. maternal recognition of pregnancy day 11-12. signal is estradiol. Four embryos must be present for pregnancy to be maintained 2 in each horn
-Bitch/queen
conceptus enters the uterus bitch. day 9-11, queen day 4-5.
155
Which animals are luteal dependent. only needs part of the CL of ovulation for the first part of pregnancy followed by placental production
cow, ewe, mare
156
What is energy density influenced by
-milk fat and dry matter
157
What two elements are missing in milk?
copper and zinc
158
preparing for weaning for a puppy and kitten
1-4 weeks -> dams milk
2.5-4 weeks ->add gruel
5-6 weeks ->gruel primary source of nutrition
8 weeks -> weaned from dam
159
Puppy and kitten feeding management
first two weeks ->5-6 times a day
next two -> 4 times a day
160
when are kittens and puppies weanlings?
foals?
beef cows?
dairy cows?
8 weeks
4-6 months
6-10 months
24 hours
161
how much do male kittens gain a day vs female?
20
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