Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

The Next Generation > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What size probe would you use for transrectal or transvaginal ultrasound?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What size would you use for placenta vs fetus?

A

7.5
3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the bovine?

A

-21 days without estrous cycle, ultrasound, rectal palpation, biosassay markers (PAG) and hormones (ES and P4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can we paplpate in the bovine to detect pregnancy?

A

-placentomes, fetus, chorioallantoic slip, and amniotic vessicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the small ruminants?

A

-21 day without estrous in goat, 17 in ewe
ballotment
ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can detect pregnancy in the sow?

A

17-24 days without estrous, best detected with presence of boar
-ultra sound (18-19 days post breeding, 25-32 day proper embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the camelid?

A

-spitting off, ballotment, ultrasound after day 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the mare?

A

-rectal palpation -> uterus over the pelvic rim, can feel the fetus by 7 months
urine estrogen -> cuboni test
rectum ultrasound -> should be done by day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uterine swellings in mare’s rectal palpatation
golf ball, softball, flutuant swelling, football, basketball,

A

28 days, 35, 45, 60, 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When can we feel the string of pearls in small animals?
when can we radiograph?
when can we ultrasound?
what can we detect in canines only?

A

21-28 days
-safe after day 40, best done in last week due to calcification
-day 22 and on
-relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the yolk sac connected to?
What is the allantois connected to?

A

mid gut
hind gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are within the umbilical cord?

A

-urachus, two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, allantoic stalk, yolk stalk, and whartons jellys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Omphacele bs gastroischisis?

A

omphalocele -> a GIT defect where it fails to retract into the abdomen after the phsyiologic hernia

Gastroischisis-> a body wall defect where the lateral fold fails to fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Allantoic fluid
Amniotic fluid

A

appears more urine-like in mid gestation as the developing kidneys form urine -> to the allantois

becomes more colorless and mucoid late gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare the uterus of the cow vs the horse

A

cow -> short body and two horns. Cervix has interdigitating folds
horse -> long body and two short horns. Cervix has long mucosal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumors of mares?

A

-granulosa cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

You are on a clinical case and you decide to do ultrasound on a mare. One ovary is large while the other is smaller. What do you think could this be?

A

-granulosa cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the benign ovarian tumors? What are malignant?

A

-cystadenoma and terratoma
-dysgermoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are possible risks for Anovulatory follicles?

A

-uterine inflammation
-prostaglandins on day 9-11
NSAID use around time of ovulation
-use of Hcg
=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a common cause of infertility in mares?

A

endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is one of the most common infectious bacteria that can cause endometritis?

A

strep zoo epidemicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

You are doing ultrasound on a mare and think you see an embryo, but the mare has had trouble with infertility. What could be a differential

A

cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a reportalbe bacterial venereal disease?

A

contagious equine metritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Difference between estrogen and progesterone and their affects on bacteria?

A

progesterone ->predisposes to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the routes of bacterial infection in the genital tract?
-ascending infection and hematogenous spread
26
What bacteria can cause balanoposthitis?
-C. renlae, trueperella pyrogenes and mycoplasma species
27
What are the predisoping factors for pizzle rot?
increase protein in feed leads to increased urea in urine. C. renale creates ureas that converts urea to ammonia. Amonia is not gentle to the skin and allows for c. RENALE to invade
28
What are the most common routes of infectiion for orchitis? Epididymitis?
-hematogenous spread -ascending infection
29
What animal is most commonly involved in orchitis and epidiymits? What bacteria are involved?
-rams Brucella, actinobacillus seminalis and histophilus suis
30
What animal is most commonly affected with prostatitis and what bacteria are commonly involved?
-dog S. psuedintermedius, E coli, B. hemalotic
31
What bacteria are commonly involved in seminal vessiculitis?
trueperella pyrogenes
32
What animals are most affected by vaginitis and vulvitis? what bacteria?
dogs, cows and sow Cows- mycoplasma Dogs-> streptococcus canis, E coli, staph psudeintermdius sows -> E. coli,
33
What animal is most affected by endometritis and when is it commonly observed?
mares -post mating
34
What is the most common isolate of endometritis in mares?
strep zoo epidemicus
35
What is the most common isolate in pyometra?
trueperella pyorgenes
36
What strain of brucella is not zoonotic?
B. ovis
37
Where does brucella come from?
maintained in carrier animals -found as facultative intracellular organisms in macrophages and reproductive cells -shed intermittently by carrier animals or in large numbers by newly infected animals
38
How is brucella transmitted? route of infection?
directly through infected/carrier animals or fomites -ingestion, congenital, veneral, exposure of mucosal surfaces
39
What diseases do brucella abortus cuase?
-bovine abortion in cows epididymits and orchitis in bulls fistulous withers and poll evil
40
What diseases does brucella canis cause?
canine abortion, infertility in bitches and sick pups epididymits, sperm abnormatliteis systemic dissemination in dogs
41
What diseases does brucella suis cause?
-aboriton in sows -epididymits and orchitis -disseminated infections
42
What diseases do brucella ovis cause?
-mostly epididymitis in older rams, abortion in ewees and decreased fetility in the flock
43
What diseases does brucella mellitenitis cause?
abortion, epididymits and orchitis, also causes mastitis
44
How do you treat dogs iwth brucella?
-doxycylin and enro, spay and castrate dogs as well, monitor therapy with serology
45
what are the two modes of transmisssion for camplyobacter?
-ingestion and venereal
46
What dieseas does camplyobacter cause?
infertility and sporadic abortion
47
What does C. fetus spp fetus cause?
abortion in sheep
48
What two syndromes do listeria cause?
-viscera and neurological
49
Incidence in dogs of CEH? what about cats?
2/3 of all female dogs greater than 9 years with normal estrous cycles with have CEH. Increases in age with cas
50
Pyometra incidence?
middle to older aged bitches and middle to older age queens
51
Why does pyometra develop?
under the influence of progesterone. within 1-3 months after heat
52
What is the common bacteria that causes pyometra in dogs?
E. coli
53
How do you treat pyometras?
Remove the source (OHE), antibiotics and supportive care
54
When can you do medical treatment for a pyometra?
young breeding bitches, open pyometra, in good condition, no uterine pathologies and normal ovaries
55
Juvenile vaginitis vs adult
in prepuvertalb dogs -in intact bitches and spayed
56
How do you treat puppy vaginitis?
spontaneous resolutation after 1 or 2 heat cycles. Do not spay before vaginitis resolves
57
Why do dogs get adult vaginitis?
-lack of vulvar development due to lack of estrogen after spay
58
How does progesterone affect the mother and drugs?
-decrease GI motility, increase GI blood flow -may influence rate and extent of absoprtion
59
Extravascular drug absorption and pregnancy?
-increase blood volume and cardiac output -increased blood flow to some organs -increased absorption from transdermal, inhlant, and EV drugs
60
How is distribution different in pregnanyc?
-increased plasma volume, increased cardiac output leads to increased volume of distribution -decreased albumin concentration and incrreased acute phase proteins
61
How is metabolism affected by pregnancy?
-increased metabolism (increased hepatic blood flow), decreased protein binding and can have increased or decreased metabolism
62
Elmination and drugs with pregnancy?
increased plasma, blood volume and CO -> increased RBF and GFR
63
What characteristics of a drug will readily cross the placental barrier?
-low molecular weight, highly lipophilic, unionized, not protein bound, and high concentration gradient
64
What drugs are none to be teratogenic?
Griseosulfin, tetracyclins, trimithopram sulfa, testosterone, trilostane, oxfendazole
65
What is the number one cause of anaestrus in large animals?
pregnancy
66
What is the difference between a luteal cyst and a folllicular cyst?
-luteal -> thicker tissuse. Not as big as 2.5 cm Follicluar -> thin band of tissue around it. 2.5 cm
67
How do we treat swine with follicular cysts?
Cull
68
We want less than _% of abortions
5
69
What is the difference between hydrops allantois and hydrops amnii
Allantois -> affects the placenta, occurs rapidly and has a poor prognosis Amnii-> affects the fetus, occurs slowly and has a better prognosis
70
Why does vaginal prolapse occur in sheep?
higher incidence on estrogenic forage (clover) and late gestation
71
When do vaginal prolapses occur?
pre partum
72
Why do we sterilize in bovine and how do we do it?
management and heritable disease -surgery or vasectomy. at 1-3 months
73
Why do we sterilize small ruminants and how do we do it?
management and meat taint -surgical and vasectomy at 5-6 months
74
Why do we sterilize porcine and how do we do it?
management and meat taint surgical and chemical less than 2 weeek s
75
Why do we sterilize camelids and how do we do it?
managmenet and heritable disease prevetion surgical 15-18 months
76
Why do we sterilize horses and how do we do it?
managment and heritable disease control -surgical and hormonal
77
Why do we sterlize small aniamsl and how do we do it?
population control, heritable disease, managment -srugical, chemical, hormonal
78
If Toxoplasma gondii affects a pregannt goat or sheep -before 80th day -up to 115th after 115th day
-embryonic death, followed by resorption or mummification -abortion, stillbirth, perinatal death -congenitally affected lambs or kids
79
What is diagnostic of toxoplasma gondii infeciton?
antibodies to toxoplasma in fetal fluid
80
What should we not cut during castration?
the penis
81
What is the most common reason for doing scrotal ablation?
-scrotal hematoma
82
What viruses cause abortion in cattle?
Bovine herpes virus BVD bluetongue schmallenburg
83
When does abortion commonly occur with bovine herpes virus?
4 months gestation to full term
84
What lesions can we see with BVD?
-cerebellar hypolasia, abnormal or loss of hair, osteopetrosis, perivascular lymphocytes and lymphoid depletion
85
When does equine herpesvirus 1 most commonly cause abortion and what do we see?
occurs in the third trimester causes single and epizootic abortions or stillbirth, or neonatal death within 3 days
86
When does abortion typically occur with equine viral arteritis?
6-29 after clincial cases
87
What viruses cause abortion in small ruminants?
border disease bluetongue cache valley BVD caprine herpes virus
88
What lesions can wee see with border disease?
cerebellar hypoplasia, osteopetrosis, hair follicle dysplasia, perivascular lymphocytes and lymphoid depletion
89
When should we use intrauterine administration?
mild cases of endometritis and pre and post breeding
90
What drugs are approved for intrauterine administraiton? which are extra-label?
-chlorohexidine, gentamicin, ticarcillin sodium, amikacin -penicillin, oxytetracycline and iodine
91
What can systemic absorption be influenced by?/
disease severity
92
What are advantages to intrammmary absorption? Disadvantages?
-high concentrations of drug at site of action, minimal systemic absorption,mulitple approved drugs -milk residues, may get kicked
93
What drug is prohibited in food animals?
Ceftiofur hydrochloride
94
What should we not give extralabel to dairy animals?
avermectins and macrolides
95
What drugs used in dogs for cushings shouldnt be administered durnig pregnancy? what about horses?
-mitotane, trilostane, ketoconazole,selegiline -pergolide, cyprohepatidine, trilostane
96
What drugs prolong partruition?
NSAIDs, B-2agonists, and calcium channel blockers
97
what drugs induce partrution early?
-corticosteroids, trilostain and misopristol
98
What drugs stimulate lactionation? Which inhibit?
-oxytocin and dopamine type 2 receptor antagnoists -dopamine agonists, prolactin antagonists
99
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is most likely to occur in what kind of dog? -what is due to ?
intact male dogs -DHT
100
You are palpating a rectum and feel for the prostate. you feel a enlarged, syymetric, smooth,non painful and firm prostate. what do you think this is?
BPH
101
What is a sequela for BPH in intact dogs?
prostatitis
102
What does prostatitis feel like in palpation?
painful (acute), nonpainful (chronic), enlarged, symmetric (unless abscess)firm
103
How do we treat prostatitis?
Treat concurrnet BPH, use enrofloxacin, 4 weeks for acute and 6-12 for chronic, NSAIDS, supporitve care
104
What are neutered dogs more at risk for?
Prostate neoplasia
105
What does prostate neoplasia feel like on palapation?
no palpable sulcus, firm, enlarged, assymetric and painful
106
What are viral causes of abortion in pigs?
-Porcine reprouctive and respiratory syndrome and virus -procine parvovvirus -porcine enterovirus -porcine herpesvirus1
107
What is the most economically important disease of pigs world wide?
PRRS
108
What are viral causes of abortion in dogs?
-canine herpesvirus 1 canine distemper virus canine adenovirus canine parvovirus 1
109
Why do canine distemper and canine adenovirus cause abortion?
because of stress in clincial disease of pregnant animal
110
waht is the most common lesion in testicular hypolasia??
germ cell deficiency
111
What is testicular degeneration?
results in decreased production of spermatocytes
112
For testicular degeneration -if chronic? -mild and acute -mild and severe?
-poor regardless good prognosis poor prognosis
113
Leydig cell tumors
round, soft and pale to orange or orange brown -dog and bull
114
Sertoli cell tumors
lobulated, white and firm -dog and bulls
115
Seminomas
soft, gray , round -proliferation of primordial germ cells
116
Infections in the epididymus
head ->usually congenital abnormality, of the efferent ducts. Get sperm stasis or granuloma Tail -> infectious
117
What can adenomysosis be due to?
-response to chronic inflammation or endocrine changes
118
What is a schirrous cord?
an inflammatory lesion of the tunics and spermatic cord following castration usually of pigs, mules, and horses
119
If prostate is symmetrical vs assymetrical?
symmetrical -> hyperplasia or sqamous metaplasia assmyetrical -> neoplastic or inflammatory
120
What is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasma of bitches?
mammary gland tumor
121
If you have an abortion and the placenta looks firm, brown and leathery, what could it be due to?
bacteria or fungi
122
If the placenta looks multifocal necrosis?
protozoa

The Next Generation (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions