Internal factors and ethnicity (pt 2) Flashcards
What is the difference between individual and institutional racism?
Individual - Results from prejudiced views of individual teachers and others.
Institutional - Discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as school operate.
Which sociologist came up with locked in inequality?
Roithmayr (2003)
What is locked-in inequality?
Historical discrimination is so large that it becomes unconscious.
How does Gillborn link locked-in inequality to education?
Ethnic discrimination is so locked into the education system that it is an ‘inevitable feature’ of it.
What did Moore and Davenport’s 1990 study reveal about the link between marketisation and segregation?
Selection processes lead to ethnic segregation, with minority pupils failing to get into better secondary schools due to discrimination.
What are two reasons why school admissions processes lead to ethnic minority children not getting into good schools?
- Reports from primary schools that stereotype minority students.
- Lack of information and application forms in minority languages.
What does ethnocentric mean?
An attitude or policy that prioritises the culture of one ethnic group over another
Give two examples of how the UK school curriculum in ethnocentric
Languages, literature and music - Troyna and Williams - meagre provision for teaching Asian languages compared to European ones.
David (1993) - ‘specifically British’ - largely ignores non-European languages, literature and music.
- History - Ball (1994) - ignores ethnic diversity and promotes ‘little Englandism’ e.g. history recreating a ‘mythical age of empire and past glories’ whilst ignoring the history of black and Asian people
What does Coard (2005) say about the effect the teaching of ethnocentric history does on black pupils?
The portrayal of the British bringing civilisation to the primitive people they colonised undermines black children’s self-esteem - underachievement.
What does Gillborn (2008) argue about assessments?
Rigged - meant to validate the superiority of the dominant culture and they will be changed to ‘re-engineer failures’ for black pupils.
What is an example of the failure of assessments?
e.g. the replacement of baseline assessments in primary schools when a child starts school to the foundation stage profile (2003) was problematic as black children appeared to do worse than their white counterparts overnight. Going from 20% above the average to being ranked lower than white children across all six developmental areas it measured.
What were the two reasons why black children underperformed in assessments?
- FSP is largely based off of teacher’s judgement whereas the baseline assessments used written tests as well
- A change in timing - the FSP was usually completed at the end of reception, whereas baseline assessments were taken at the beginning of the school year.
Increased the risk of teacher stereotyping affecting the results.
State two examples of how ethnic minorities have a lack of access to opportunities
Gillborn (2008) - The gifted and talented programme was meant to meet the needs of more able students in inner-city schools, but white students were 2x as likely for black Caribbean students and 5x for black Africans to be labelled as talented - blocked opportunities.
- Exam tiers - Tikly et al (2006) in 30 schools that had the ‘Aiming High’ programme to raise black Caribbean’s achievement were likely to place black pupils in lower tier GCSE exams based on sets - can only achieve as high as a C.
What is Gillborn’s idea of the New IQism?
Teachers and policymakers make false assumptions about the nature of pupils’ ability or potential, which they view as fixed and measured easily.
Does Gillborn believe that there is a genuine measure of potential?
No - tests only show what a person learnt already or what they can do now, not what they can do in the future.
