INTERNAL EYE

Question 1

what can the “red” retinal reflex” can detect?

Answer 1

scars in cornea, cataracts in lens, blood or pus in aqueous or vitreous fluids.

Question 2

cataracts

Answer 2

abnormal progressive loss of lens transparency due to degenerative changes after 50 y/o.

Question 3

describe the shape and color of the optic disc

Answer 3

disc shape,

yellow-orange color.

Question 4

The physiologic cup is ____ the entire disc area

Answer 4

< 1/2

Question 5

arteries are ______ in diameter and ______ red

veins are _______ in diameter and ______ red

Answer 5

smaller, brighter

larger, darker

Question 6

what is papilledema?

- fundoscopic signs

Answer 6

optic disc swelling caused by intracranial pressure

- swollen, distorted optic disc with blurry borders

Question 7

what is chronic glaucoma?

- main sign & symptoms?

Answer 7

slow, progressive increase of intraocular pressure

- headaches that originate around the eyes and “tunnel vision”

Question 8

what is the most outstanding fundoscopic sign of chronic glaucoma?

Answer 8

an increased size of the physiologic cup

Question 9

name the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 9

• frequent urination, thirst, hunger and weight loss.
• bilateral sensory loss in the feet
• impotency in 50-60% of men

Question 10

what is the gold standard test for diabetes mellitus?

Answer 10

glucose tolerance test

Question 11

Are fundoscopic signs immediately noticeable in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 11

No, it takes 5 or more years after diagnose to show any sign

Question 12

What are the early/background or non-proliferative fundoscopic signs in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 12

Micro aneurysms - small red dots.

Hard exudates - small yellow fatty deposits.

Question 13

What are the advanced or proliferative fundoscopic signs in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 13

Neovascularization -new fragile, irregular vessels.

Retinitis proliferans -scarring of the retinal tissues.

Question 14

What are the symptoms of hypertension?

Answer 14

There are NO SYMPTOMS until advanced stages

Question 15

What are the signs of mild hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 15

retinal arteriole constriction and sclerosis (AV nicking and copper wire vessels)

Question 16

What are the signs of moderate hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 16

signs of mild hepertensive retinopathy plus: hemorrages (dot, blot & frame shaped), soft cotton-wool patches (grey spots due to ischemia) and hard exudates.

Question 17

What are the signs of high hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 17

signs of mild and moderate hypertensive retinopathy plus: papilledema (optic disc swelling), and silver wiring (from advance sclerosing).

Question 18

Amaurosis Fugax

Answer 18

embolus causes temporary vision loss in a sector of the vision field.

Question 19

patient experience multiple vitreous floaters, flashing lights on head movement and diminished peripheral vision. Whats the most probable retinopathy? Cause?

Answer 19

Non Traumatic Retinal Detachment
- starts with a whole in retina (age, trauma or infammation), then vitreous fluid seep between and separates the choroid from the retina.

Question 20

patient experiences impaired central vision, with smudges. Fundoscopic signs reveal small white and yellow dots on the surface of retina. Whats the most probable retinopathy?

Answer 20

Macular Degeneration (also known as AMD)