EXTERNAL EYE

Question 1

what are the two visual acuity functional tests? How do they work?

Answer 1

test for visual acuity at a distance.
Snellen - 20ft
Sloan - 10ft

Question 2

What part(s) of the eye does the Sloan and Snellen test?

Answer 2

the anterior chamber of the eye, central vision, the optic nerve, and the visual centers of the brain.

Question 3

what does 20/20 sight means?

Answer 3

20/20 is considered normal sight.
Numerator indicates the distance from the chart.
Denominator indicates how far away from the chart a normal eye can read that line.

Question 4

far sight but poor near sight

Answer 4

Hyperopia

Question 5

near sight but poor far sight

Answer 5

Myopia

Question 6

What is presbyopia? whats the cause?

Answer 6

age +40 the lens loose elasticity.

diminished near sight but continued far sight.

Question 7

What is the chart test for near vision?

What does it indirectly tests?

Answer 7

Rosenbaum chart (newsprint, 14 inches)
anterior segment of eye, central vision, optic nerve, and visual centers of the eye.

Question 8

How can peripheral vision be tested?

What else does this test can screen?

Answer 8

moving wiggling finger slowly into the field of vision from top, bottom and both sides of each eye.
- chiasma and optic tract

Question 9

What can cause visual field deficits?

Answer 9

• abnormalities of the anterior segments of the eye (scratching, scaring or edema of the cornea, cataracts on the lens, pus or blood in the aqueous or vitreous fluids)
• chronic glaucoma (progressive tunnel vision)
• retinal detachments
• neural lesions along the visual pathway.

Question 10

What cranial nerves can be clinically assessed by having the patient successfully follow your finger through the cardinal planes of gaze?

Answer 10

CN III, IV, and VI

Question 11

what visual tests can detect strabismus?

Answer 11

corneal light reflection & the cover-uncover test

Question 12

term for abnormal retraction of the upper lid?

- what could this indicate if bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 12

lid (lag) retraction.
bilateral - hyperthyroidism or CN 7 damage.
unilateral- tumor behind the eye

Question 13

upper lip drop term?

- what does it indicates?

Answer 13

lid (sag) ptosis

- congenital or acquired weakness of the levator muscle, or paresis of a branch of the CN 3.

Question 14

inflammation of the eyelash follicles & Meibomian glands

- can be associated with what other conditions?

Answer 14

Blephaitis

- allergies, seborrheic dematitis and & psoriasis

Question 15

what is a sty(e)?

Answer 15

a bacterial infection of a gland in an eyelash follicle causing a red, swollen tender pustule.

Question 16

term for a hard, painless papule on the eyelid due to an obstruction of a meibowmian oil gland.

Answer 16

Chalazion

Question 17

what is an ectropion?

Answer 17

loss of orbicularis oculi muscle tone with ageing,

causes the lower lid turn outward.

Question 18

what is an entropion?

Answer 18

inversion of lower lid due to scar tissue on inner surface of the lid.

Question 19

inflammation of the tear sac term?

- what is secondary of?

Answer 19

Dacryocystitis

- Dacryostenosis (narrowing of the nasolacrimal duct)

Question 20

viral or bacterial infection with itchy, red, burning eyes, with discharge, where blood vessels dilate from the periphery?

Answer 20

contagious conjuntivitis (pink eye)

Question 21

how can allergic conjunctivitis be distinguished by contagious conjuntivitis?

Answer 21

allergic conjunctivitis have have the same signs and symptoms but less discharge.

Question 22

Yellow elastic fibers (cheap tissue) that form a plaque on either side of cornea usually from chronic irritation (ie. sun, dust, wind)?

Answer 22

Pinguecula

Question 23

What is a pinguecula with a vascular membrane that may extend over the cornea?

Answer 23

Pterygium

Question 24

what can cause subconjunctival hemorrhage?

Answer 24

microtraumas like coughing and sneezing

Question 25

what does a yellow sclera indicates?

Answer 25

• a thin sclera (age) can show through fatty deposits.
• jaundice
• antimalarial drugs in dark people.

Question 26

what does a blue sclera can indicate?

Answer 26

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 27

what does a brown sclera can be caused by?

Answer 27

patches of melanin in dark colored people.

Question 28

term when the surface of cornea is broken?

Answer 28

corneal abrasions

Question 29

what is a grayish band starting along the edge of the limbus and what can it indicate in people under 40 y/o?

Answer 29

Corneal acus/ring

- hyperlipidemia

Question 30

a golden-brown band around the limbus of the cornea.

- what can this indicate?

Answer 30

Kayser-Fleischer ring

- copper toxicity

Question 31

condition with both perilimbal and conjunctival injection, with a constricted, sluggish pupil. Can be secondary to another disease or idiopathic.

Answer 31

Iritis

Question 32

what does PERRLA stands for?

Answer 32

the Pupuls should be Equal, Round, Reactive to Light & accommodation.

Question 33

a normal pupil should constrict to a light directed at it from an lateral angle.
- what can a sluggish response or no response of the pupil can indicate?

Answer 33

What is the Direct Light Reflex?

- a problem along the neural reflex path

Question 34

What is the Consensual (indirect) light reflex?

Answer 34

the contralateral pupil should constrict.

Question 35

What is the Accommodation (near point) reflex?

Answer 35

eyes tracking an object from a distant to near point should constict and converge as the object moves closer.

Question 36

what is Anisocoria and what can this indicate?

Answer 36

Inequality of pupil size.

• Associated with head trauma or nervous system diseases.
• If its congenital, the difference is less than 2mm, reactive to reflexes, and with no symptoms.

Question 37

A fixed dilated pupil with poor response to pupillary reflexes; MC is idiopathic.

Answer 37

Adie’s tonic pupil

Question 38

Failure of the iris to close during fetal development resulting in a keyhole-shaped pupil. Bilateral.

Answer 38

Coloboma

Question 39

What is Synechia?

Answer 39

irregular shaped pupil due to adhesion of part of the iris to the cornea (front) or lens (behind). Secondary to trauma, iritis, and can lead to acute glaucoma and blindness.

Question 40

condition with decreased or absent response to the light reflexes but the pupils do respond to accommodation. Can be caused by CNS defect resulting from syphilis.

Answer 40

Argyll Robertson pupil

Question 41

interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye resulting in miosis (constricted pupil) and mild eyelid ptosis.

Answer 41

what is Horner Syndrome

Question 42

What are the symptoms of Acute Glaucoma?

Answer 42

aqueous fluid builds up quickly due to blockage of the Schlemm canal, producing sudden severe eye pain, blurred vision, colored lights around bright objects, corneal edema, conjuctival and perilimbal injection, and a fixed dilated pupil. It can cause blindness in 2-5 days if pressure is not released.

Question 43

Which type of glaucoma is more common?

Answer 43

Chronic Glaucoma

Question 44

How differentiate conjuctivitis, from corneal abrasion & Iritis, and Acute Glaucoma?

Answer 44

Conjuctivitis - no loss of vision, only conjuctival injection.
Corneal abrasion & iritis - reported injury to eye, both perilimbal and conjuctival injection, vision is affected. significan ocular pain and constricted pupil.
Acute Glaucoma- sudden, unexpected escalating pain, altered vision in one eye, corneal edema, both kind of blood injections.